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SECTION 1
• Totalitarian rule gives the government total
control over the nation
• All of the dictators that are rising in Europe
are creating totalitarian governments
• Italy and Germany are creating fascism
government, one that emphasizes the
importance of the nation.
• Russia is building their government based
on Communism
The Dictators
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Stalin
Collectivization of
farmland will cause a
decrease in farm
production
Starvation for millions
Laborers were assigned
to certain industry
Any complaints about the
conditions of life in
Russia during this time
resulted in Stalin
removing the enemies of
the state by death.
Great Purge
Between 7 and 16 million
people died during the
Great Purge
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•
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Mussolini
Il Duce, the
leader
WWI vet
Wanted to return
Italy to the power
it had before the
end of WWI
Built up a force
of WWI vet
called the
Blackshirts
Is appointed
Prime Minister
by the king and
then he
established
himself as the
dictator
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Hitler
WWI vet
Refused to accept the
defeat of Germany
Joins the Nazi party
Writes My Struggle while
in prison
My Struggle (Mein Kampf)
explains how Germany
can rise again and
identifies the weak link in
German culture: the Jews
Hitler rises to power as
the Chancellor of
Germany
Begins to rearm Germany
even though Treaty of
Versailles forbids
The Brown Shirts, young
men, showed power in the
new military
• Hitler breaks the
Treaty of Versailles
• Rearms
• Claims Germany
needs
lebensraum(living
space)
• Stops paying
reparations
• Brings military into
the demilitarized
zone of the
Rhineland
Germany’s Increasingly Militaristic
Approach
• In Mar 1938, Hitler forces
Anschluss (union) with Austria
• POLICY OF APPEASEMENT
• On Sept 29-30, the British and
French foreign ministers attempt
to appease Hitler by acquiescing
to his demand for the
Sudentenland under the
understanding Hitler will make no
more territorial demands
– In March 1939 Hitler seizes the
western part of Czechoslovakia
Neville Chamberlain
Spanish Civil War
• Civil War is going on in Spain
• Hitler and Mussolini back General
Francisco Franco who led the Nationalist
• Spain was used as a practice ground for
Hitler’s blitzkrieg and lufftwaffe
• Nationalist took firm control of government
in Spain
Section 2
• Chamberlain made a
mistake with his
appeasement of Hitler
• Winston Churchill
replaces him as the
Prime Minister of Great
Britain and he wants to
be aggressive towards
Hitler
Hitler’s Invasion of Poland
Subsequent to the invasion of
Poland, Poland was split
Hitler turned his attention
toward western Europe
Hitler advanced into
Sudetenland after Rhineland
and Austria
Non aggression pact
was agreed upon by
Stalin and Hitler
5 million Poles lost their lives
in the Holocaust
Death camps were established
in Poland and the majority of
the deaths took place here
Continued Aggression
• Britain and France now know
appeasement won’t stop Hitler
and they pledge to defend
Belgium, Holland, Switzerland,
and Poland against German
aggression
• On Aug 22, 1939, Russia and
Germany sign a nonaggression pact
– In the event of a GermanPolish war, Russia can
annex eastern Poland,
Latvia, Estonia, and
Lithuania
• On Sept 1, Hitler invades
Poland
Russia and Finland
• On Nov 30, Russia
attacks Finland and
on Mar 12, 1940, the
Finns finally surrender
– Russia’s army did not
perform particularly
well which makes
Hitler think the
Russians would not be
much of a challenge if
Germany invaded
Finnish infantry passing
a destroyed Russian tank
French and German Plans for
the Battle of France 1940
• French anticipate
the Germans
attacking through
the north as they
did in World War I
so they develop
the Dye Plan to
counter such an
attack
• Build the Maginot
Line in the south to
protect the border
Maginot Line
• A line of concrete
fortifications, tank
obstacles, machine gun
posts and other defenses
which France constructed
along her borders with
Germany and Italy
• The fortifications did not
extend through the
Ardennes Forest which
was considered
“impassable”
• The blitzkrieg
allowed
Germany to
quickly take
over France.
• Within 3
months Hilter
has moved
through
Denmark,
Norway, and
Split France
Dunkirk
one of the greatest rescues in the
history of warfare
France Falls
• The French government supervised the
unoccupied south from the vacation resort of
Vichy, France and this area worked with
Germany. The southern area was called Vichy
France and they collaborated with Germany.
• France’s prime minister, Charles de Gaulle,
reestablished France’s government in Great
Britain and attempted to support the
underground Resistance group that was trying to
cause the Germans problems
• All that was left of the ALLIES at this point was
Great Britain
Consolidation
• On June 16 the French ask for an armistice.
• Battle of Britain begins.
– “Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties and
so bear ourselves that, if the British Empire and its
Commonwealth last for a thousand years, men will
still say, ‘This was their finest hour.’” (Winston
Churchill)
Italy Joins the Axis
• On June 10, 1940,
Mussolini declares
war on Britain and
France and four
months later
invades Greece
• In many ways
Mussolini will
hinder rather than
help Hitler
Greatest Extent of Axis Control
Section 3
• Japan was a part of the League of Nations
• Japan was for the Kellogg-Briand Pact that agreed war
was not the answer
• Japan wants to acquire new lands for the raw materials
• Japan was an island and was overpopulated
• The Great Depression caused economic difficulties for
Japan just like it did for other nations
• Nationalism will rise as the people of Japan suffer from
what they perceive as economic abuse from Western
Nations
Manchurian Incident
• Japan saw the take over of Manchuria (located
north of China) as an answer to their problems
• Japan’s army took over Manchuria without the
permission of the government
• Japan took over the land and sent over farmers
to occupy the land
• Although the military are not in complete control
of Japan, they certainly limit the power of the
government .
• Chiang Kai Shek
• Mao Zedong
WAR with CHINA
• Chiang Kai Shek led the Nationalist group
and Mao Zedong led the communist
• These two individuals were fighting over
control of China
• When Japan began the attack on China
these two men joined forces to stop the
invasion
WAR against China
• Britain continued to support China by sending
them supplies by the BURMA ROAD
• America helps support the Nationalist even
though the Neutrality Acts made it illegal for the
government to support or sell goods to countries
that were at war
• Japan never declared war on China so FDR
took that to technically mean they were not
under war just under attack
• Japan allies with the AXIS powers of Germany
and Italy and began its attack on ASIA
SECTION 4
• Isolationism to War
• Neutrality Acts to keep America from getting
financially committed to either side
• Prevented US from selling arms to nations at
war
• Neutrality Acts also helped from our trading with
warring nations causing attacks on ships
therefore forcing us into war
• Cash and Carry – 1st step away from neutrality
• After Poland was invaded the US votes to send
50 old destroyers to Britain in return for
permission to build bases on British territory in
the Western Hemisphere (Lend-Lease)
• Why else would you need bases in a volatile
area if you were not planning on fighting there?
Many were scared America was nearing war
• America First Committee was formed to block
further aid to Britain. (Charles Lindbergh)
• Lend-Lease Act went into effect when
Britain could no longer pay for the military
aid
• This authorized the President to loan out
military goods to nations that were vital to
our safety
• By the end of the war, the US had loaned
more than $49 billion worth of aid
Japan vs. America
• When Japan began its attack on China,
America expressed its feelings against the
aggression by stopping the trade with
Japan
• The US cut off oil, steel, rubber to the
country
• The US froze Japanese investments in
America
United States
Personnel Killed
2388
Navy
1998
Marine Corps
109
Army and Army Air Corps
233
Civilian
Personnel Wounded
Navy
Marine Corps
Army and Army Air Corps
Civilian
Japan
64
48
1178
unknown
710
69
364
35
Ships
Sunk or Beached**
Damaged*
12
5
9
Aircraft
Destroyed
164
29
Chapter 18 Section 1
• Mobilization
Getting ready for WAR
• Mobilization : Selective Service
Act required all males aged 21
to 36 to register for military
service. (Government Issued:
GI)
TROOPS
• 300,000 Mexican Americans
• 25,000 Native Americans (Navajos “code
talkers”
• 1 million African Americans
• Tuskegee Airmen
• 350,000 American women: clerks,
typists, nurses, airfield control tower
operators, etc
Preparing for the Economy of WAR
Making supplies
• War Production Board: controlled production
of war goods by converting peace-time civilian
industries to war production; allocated resources
• Office of War Mobilization: over production of
war goods; broad powers to centralize resources
• Government had to make sure all of the needs
were met such as ships, tanks, planes
• By 1945: 300,000 airplanes, 80,000 landing raft,
100,000 tanks, 5,600 merchant merchant ships,
• 41 billion rounds of ammunition
Production needs workers and
MONEY!!
• Women and African Americans are going
to step up to work in the industry just as
they did during WWI
• US government will spend $321 billion
dollars on this war
• Treasury bonds were again sold to raise
money
• The Public was encouraged to support the
war effort
• AMERICAN SUPPORT
• The Public was
encouraged to support
the war effort
• Office of War
Information Board
worked to persuade the
US to accept rationing
and support the troops
• Over $180 million worth
of radio, print, and
outdoor advertising was
donated and over $156
billion raised in the eight
war loans.
Continued support
• American supported troops by rationing
• Recycling metal, paper, etc
• Conserved energy by watching how they
used their power
• Carpooled to save gas
FOOD
• The government needed supplies of food for the
troops
• OFFICE OF PRICE ADMINISTRATION worked
to control the prices of goods when shortages
occurred, this would help keep inflation down
• The OPA was in charge of rationing goods
• People were encouraged to plant victory
gardens in their communities or in their own
yards to help supplement the food supply
SUPPORT
Office of War Information
Advertisements for the War
Victory Gardens
Rationing/public support and involvement
FUNDS
HIGHER TAXES : 41% OF COST
War bonds: 186 billion
1941-45 $321 billion in war cost
WAR MOBILIZATION
ECONOMY CONTROL
Office of Price Administration
WAR SUPPLIES
War Production Board (WPB)
Decided what would be made by whom
Office of War Mobilization
Dispersed raw materials for production
TROOPS
Selective Training Service
21-36
16 million
Women, Native Americans,
African Americans
Section 2 Retaking Europe
• Battle of the Atlantic
• U-boats were the biggest obstacle in the
Atlantic
• Wolf packs sank 175 ships in June 1942
alone
• The convoy was used again to stop the
• U-boats
Convoy system
German U-boats
North Africa
Italian Presence in North Africa
• Since before World War II, Italy occupied Libya
and had over a million soldiers based there
• In neighboring Egypt, the British Army had only
36,000 men guarding the Suez Canal and the
Arabian oilfields
• The British and Italians fought in North Africa,
Rommel, “Desert Fox”, was sent in by Hitler to
reinforce the Italians.
• Britain defeated and pushed the Italians and
Germans back .
Operation Torch
• Americans decided to begin an attack on
the Axis powers by invading Italy.
Operation Torch– landings to occupy
Algeria and Morocco and co-opt the Vichy
French
• After Americans push the Axis powers
from Africa with Operation Torch, they
then move to invade Italy
Operation Torch
• The Anglo-American forces landed at
Casablanca, Oran, and Algiers and then
advanced by land and sea to Tunisia
Results of North Africa
• Mussolini was severely weakened
domestically
• The Americans learned from their poor
performance and made the necessary
changes
Invasion of Italy
• Russia is being attacked severely during this time and is
begging the Allied powers to attack the Axis from the
Western front
• Instead, the Allies come up from Italy
• Mussolini had been weakened during the North Africa
battles and the Allies moved on him
• Mussolini was removed from power by the King of Italy,
but Hitler re-established his power
• But not for long
• Americans broke through the German lines and captured
Rome
• Italy surrendered April 1945, Mussolini was shot and
killed by Italians as he tried to flee across the northern
Italian border
• HE’S
GONE!!
• The
wicked
witch is
dead!!!
The Eastern Front
• On June 22, 1941, Hitler invaded Russia in
Operation Barbarossa
• The operation encompassed a total troop
strength of about 4 million men, making it the
biggest single land operation ever
• Benefiting from initial surprise, by the end of July
Hitler had occupied a portion of Russia twice the
size of France
• However, by the time the Germans reached the
outskirts of Moscow in December, the Russian
winter had set in
Operation Barbarossa
The Eastern Front
• In the total four years of fighting on the
Eastern Front, an estimated 4 million Axis
and 9 million Russians were killed in battle
• 20 million Soviet civilians were killed as a
result of extermination campaigns against
Jews, communists and partisans, casual
massacres, reprisal killings, diseases, and
(sometimes planned) starvation.
Stalingrad (Aug 1942-Feb 1943)
Stalingrad
Stalingrad
Stalingrad
BATTLE OF STALINGRAD
• Germany lost 330,000 troops
• The Soviets decided to stop the German advancement
at Stalingrad. Soviet losses estimate is 1,100,000
• Stalingrad is the turning point for the war in Eastern
Europe. Germany is pushed back.
• This battle stopped on January 31, 1943 when 90,000
Germans surrendered
• Stalin will resent that fact that an attack was not made by
the Allied powers on the Western front prior to this. He
feels as though he has basically fought Germany
alone with his country suffering terribly along
the way( this will lead to the Cold War)
D DAY June 6 1944
• D-Day's Impressive Numbers
The 5000-vessel armada stretched as far as
the eye could see, transporting over 150,000
men and nearly 30,000 vehicles across the
channel to the French beaches. Six parachute
regiments -- over 13,000 men -- were flown from
nine British airfields in over 800 planes. More
than 300 planes dropped 13,000 bombs over
coastal Normandy immediately in advance of the
invasion.
• By nightfall on June 6, more than 9,000
Allied soldiers were dead or wounded, but
more than 100,000 had made it ashore,
securing French coastal villages.
• An American Noah
Louisiana entrepreneur Andrew Jackson Higgins first
designed shallow-draft boats in the late 1920s to rescue
Mississippi River flood victims. Higgins tried for years to
sell his boats to the U.S. military, but he was rejected
repeatedly. At last, the Marine Corps selected the flatbottomed landing craft for troop landings on Pacific
beaches. Higgins, who had paid heavily out-of-pocket to
promote his boats, finally landed the government
contract -- and his factories produced 20,000 of the
versatile craft for the war effort -- including D-Day.
•
DUMMY DROPPED
• TO ADD TO THE
CONFUSION TO THE
AXIS POWERS THE
ALLIES DROPPED
THOUSANDS OF
DUMMIES CLOSER
TO CALAIS WHERE
HITLER BELIEVED
THE STRONG
FORCE OF ATTACK
WOULD OCCUR
Liberating France
• General Patton
used a blitzkrieg to
head to Paris,
France. On August
25, 1944, a French
division of the U.S.
First Army officially
liberated Paris.
Battle of the Bulge
• The German and Allied forces ran into one
another and the Germans pushed the Allies
back
• General Omar Bradley received additional
troops and restarted the movement of Allied
troops into Germany
• This battle involved some 600,000 GIs
• Approximately 80,000 were killed, wounded
or captured. German losses totalled about
100,000
• One key to the
Allied success
was the failure
of the German
Army to
maintain a
supply of gas
to the tanks
that were
pushing into
the Allied lines
• German Panther Tank 1st
• Russian T-34 2nd place
• US M4 Sherman
• Short gun
rd
• German Panzer 3 place
• 2inches on side
Present US Abrams Tanks
WAR in Europe Ends
• The Soviets continued to advance on the
Germans
• Some 11 million Soviet and 3 million German
soldiers died, accounting for more than 2/3 the
soldiers killed in the entire war
• April 1945, Berlin was captured and as the
Germans surrendered Hitler committed suicide
in his bunker along with his extreme followers
• May 8, 1945, V-E Day( Victory in Europe)
Yalta Conference
• Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met at Yalta
• The leaders agreed to split Germany into 4
zones
• They also divided Berlin the same way
• Stalin promised to allow elections in the nations
of Eastern Europe that his army had liberated
from the Germans
• Stalin will refuse to live up to his promises at
Yalta