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World War II What started WWII? • Rise of Fascism in Italy, Nazism in Germany & Militarism in Japan • Factors that contributed to the rise of extremist political philosophies – WWI- Versailles Treaty: Humiliated Germany • Germany had to pay “war reparations” • Germany lost its colonies • Germany had to dismantle its military – Great Depression Fascism • Root of term: “fasces” --battle ax • Definition:”political philosophy, movement, or regime that exalts nation and often race above the individual and that stands for a centralized autocratic government headed by a dictatorial leader”, 100% capitalism… Benito Mussolini • Founded Fascist Party in Italy in 1921 • Became dictator in 1922 by overthrowing previous regime by force • Brownshirts Mussolini’s Rise to Power • Fascism v Socialism Mussolini’s Rise to Power • Fascism v Socialism Adolph Hitler • Adolph Hitler – Rise because of WWI, Depression – Motivations: • Glory of Germany • Room for Aryans • Rid “undesirables” Hitler’s attempt to rise to power • Tries to pull a Mussolini in 1923 • Spends about 9 months in prison • Writes Mein Kampf Nazi Party • Nazi-National Socialist German Worker’s Party • Initially, Hitler went to spy on the Nazi Party • He liked what he saw • The Nazi Party won majority of Reischtag in 1933 • Hitler heads party & becomes Chancellor Hitler becomes dictator • Fuhrer (leader) • Reishtag Fire • Is granted “emergency powers” Hitler and Mussolini • Both rise to power by attacking communists • Regimes in power before overthrow figure that fascism would be better than communism Appeasement • 1938 • Hitler wants the Sudetenland (W. portion of Czech) • Chamberlain of GB & Dedaliar of Fr • Breaks promise Germany’s Attack in Europe • Germany invade Poland • Britian and France declare war on Germany – Sept. 1, 1939 – Blitzkrieg – Warsaw Ghetto Germany’s Attack in Europe • Denmark, Holland • Norway (Quisling) • Belgium and France – Dunkirk • Britain – Winston Churchill Alliances • Hitler makes pact w/ Stalin in 1939 to not attack each other • Breaks agreement and invades S. Union in 1940 • Allied Powers: France, Britain & USSR (US joins in 1941) • Axis Powers: Italy, Germany & Japan Holocaust • Holocaust- literally means “whole burning” in German • Comes to denote a massive genocide • 6 million Jews & 4 million others “undesirables” were killed Holocaust Continued • Very gradual---came to power oppressing communists, then Jews…other groupsgypsies, slavs, homosexuals, anyone too old or too young to work in the occupied areas • At first, wanted just to get rid of Jews • “Final Solution”--plan to exterminate Jews was a last resort after many countries refused to allow Jews in Why? • Eugenics--”good genes” • Hitler believed (like many others did) that there were 2 groups of people: weak and strong/ superior inferior • In US, Eugenics popular in 1920s--led to sterilization of mentally ill • Hitler borrowed this idea How did Hitler pull off the “Final Solution?” • Slow dismantling of civil rights within Germany (see timeline) • World was silent • Anti-semitism (St. Louis) https://www.youtube.c om/watch?v=CaiU9Y Jmod0 US Isolationism • 1920-1941 • Result of WWI & problems at home – Kellogg-Briand Act – Neutrality Act FDR’s “Acts Short of War” • FDR was an “internationalist” • Congress was largely “isolationist” • FDR got Congress to pass – Lend-Lease Act – Destroyer Program Role of Japan in War • Like Germany & Italy, Japan was “nationalistic” and wanted to expand its empire Why does the US eventually enter WWII • Japan attacks Pearl Harbor • Why? (Zinn/ text readings) Zinn Reading • 1. Why does the author refute the idea that the attack on Pearl Harbor was a “surprise?” • 2. Why does he think that Pearl Harbor was attacked? What evidence does he use to support his argument? • 3. What is the larger point the author seems to be making in this reading? Japanese Internment Camps • FDR passes Executive Order # 9066 on Feb. 19th, 1942 Japanese in the U.S.-History • Most “issei” arrived in the U.S. b/w 1885 & 1921 • Most lived in Hawaii or W Coast (esp Cali) • Most worked in agricultural sector • Issei-1st generation • Nissei-2nd generation Anti-Japanese rules in US • Japanese were not allowed to become US citizens • Not allowed in most labor unions • Segregated schools • Laws barring inter-racial marriage • 1924 Exclusion Act How the U.S. homefront was affected • Women worked for war effort • Draft • Rationing • Higher taxes • Sacrifices were shared! Maximum Axis Control (Sept 1942) Allied Counterattacks in Europe • Battle of Stalingrad (winter 1942-43) • D-Day (June 6,1944) • US & Br from West, USSR from East War in Europe ends • As allies close in, Hitler commits suicide on April 8, 1945 • Surrender from Germ on May 8, 1945 (V-E day) Allied Counterattacks in the Pacific • Midway • Southeast Asia • Island hopping • Japanese main islands Pacific War Aftermath of WWII • • • • • • • Nuremberg Trials Universal Declaration of Human Rights Creation of UN Creation of Israel Movements for independence all over Desegregation of Armed Forcees Cold War b/w US and USSR