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Chapter 17, Sections 2 & 4 The War for Europe and North Africa (Review): After declaring war on Japan, how did the U.S. prepare for war? • Industrialization increased (factories stopped making consumer products) • Women and minorities worked in factories • 5 million men volunteered for military service • In December 1941, Churchill and FDR met to discuss war strategy • They decided that they would go after Germany, Italy, and North Africa first and then would focus their attention on Japan • Meanwhile, Hitler had been attacking U.S. ships off the East Coast (in the Atlantic), trying to stop supplies from getting to Britain • Hitler had successfully sunk 681 Allied ships in the “Battle of the Atlantic” by 1942 • The U.S. started to organize their cargo ships into convoys with military escorts • The U.S. military used radar and sonar to find and sink German U-Boats • By 1943, the Allies were winning the Battle of the Atlantic • By 1943, the Allies were seeing some victories on land as well • The Germans and Soviets had been fighting in the Soviet Union since 1941 • The freezing winters had taken a toll on Hitler’s army and had slowed them down • Hitler’s army tried to take Stalingrad in 1942, and they took 9/10 of the city, but the Soviet people responded with great passion and fought them off • On January 13, 1943, the German commander in Stalingrad surrendered • The Soviets had lost 1,100,000 people defending Stalingrad • The German surrender at Stalingrad was a turning point in WWII • The Soviet army began to push the Germans back toward Germany (to the West) • To distract German forces from the Soviet Union, the Allies launched “Operation Torch” in 1942 • Allied troops (led by American General Eisenhower) landed in North Africa • Allied forces chased German General Erwin Rommel (the “Desert Fox”) to the Northern tip of Africa • In May 1943, Rommel surrendered to Allied forces at Tunis X X X XX X X X X X X X X • The Allies captured Sicily in 1943 • The Italian people had been frustrated that Mussolini dragged them into WWII, and now that the war was on their home land they wanted out • Mussolini resigned on July 25, 1943 • As the Allies moved up from the South, Hitler sent reinforcements into Northern Italy • Italy was not freed from German forces until 1945 X X X XX X X XX • In 1943, the Allies began a plan to invade France • Operation Overlord = the Allied plan to invade France and free Western Europe from the Nazis • General Dwight D. Eisenhower (“Ike”) was in charge of Operation Overlord • Eisenhower gathered a force of 3 million British, American, and Canadian troops • On D-Day (June 6, 1944), three divisions of Allied troops parachuted behind German lines • They were followed by thousands of troops coming ashore from the English Channel • D-Day was the largest land-sea-air operation in army history • Despite the large number of Allied soldiers used in D-Day, Germany’s defenses were strong X X X XX X X XX • The German fighting against the Allied invasion was the strongest at Omaha Beach • Despite heavy casualties, the Allies took control of the beaches and controlled an 80mile strip in Northern France • The Allies has landed a million troops in France within a month of D-Day • In July, General Omar Bradley coordinated an air and land attack St. Lo that provided a crack in the German line • General George Patton drove his troops and tanks through this crack and reached Paris • On August 23, 1944, the Allies freed France from Germany • By September of 1944, the Allies had freed France, Belgium, and Luxembourg and were ready to move into Germany • In November 0f 1944, FDR was elected to his fourth term as U.S. President Chapter 12, Sections 2 & 4 The War in the Pacific • the Allies did not wait until V-E Day to make their move on Japan • By April 1941, Japan had a large empire in the Pacific including: Hong Kong, Indochina, Malaya, Burma, Thailand, the Dutch East Indies, Guam, Wake Island, Solomon Islands, and much of China X X X X X X X X XX X X X X X X X X X • Japan even took control of the U.S. territory Philippine Islands after the attack on Pear Harbor in 1941 • General MacArthur had been stationed in the Philippines but was forced to evacuate, promising the people, “I will return” • Thousands of American and Filipino soldiers were not able to escape and were forced onto the Bataan Peninsula (the Bataan Death March), where hundreds died • In the Spring of 1942, the Allies began to make some progress against Japan • Lt. Col. James Doolittle led a series of bombing raids on Japan (Tokyo), known as Doolittle’s Raid • American and Australian forces prevented Japan from taking Australia in the five-day Battle of Coral Sea • Japan wanted to capture the strategic Island of Midway next • Admiral Chester Nimitz was in charge of the U.S. naval forces in the Pacific, and he defended Midway • By the end of the Battle of Midway, Japan had lost 4 aircraft carriers, a cruiser, and 250 planes • Midway was the turning point in the war in the Pacific • After Midway, the Allies began a strategy called “island hopping” • Island Hopping = the Allied strategy in the Pacific of capturing some islands and skipping others to gain a strategic advantage and cut off Japanese-controlled territories from supplies • With each island, the Allies moved closer to Japan • The Allies won the Battle of Guadalcanal in August 1942 (Japan’s first defeat on land) • Japan began to fight harder, using kamikaze (suicide) pilots who would crash their planes into Allied ships • Japan used kamikazes heavily in the Philippines • The Allies won the Battle of Leyte Gulf (Philippines) in October 1944