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Ch 19 Sec 4: Pearl Harbor
• Japanese Embargos – While the U.S. lent and leased
military supplies to the Allies, they cut off the sale of fuel and
scrap iron to Japan who needed these supplies to run its
Navy.
• December 7th, 1941 – Japan sends two waves of
airplane attacks from aircraft carriers in the Pacific. 21
US ships were sank or damaged, 188 airplanes are
destroyed and 2,400 Americans were killed (1,200 more
injured).
• Declarations of War – Following the Pearl Harbor
attack, FDR asks for a declaration of war on Japan
(Senate approves 82-0). Germany and Italy follow up
with a declaration of war against America.
Chapter Objectives
Section 4: America Enters the War
• Trace the events that led to increasing
tensions, and ultimately war, between
the United States and Japan.
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Japan Attacks the United States
• When Britain began moving its warships from
Southeast Asia to the Atlantic, Roosevelt introduced
policies to discourage the Japanese from attacking
the British Empire.
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Japan Attacks the United States
(cont.)
• In July 1940, Congress passed the Export Control
Act, giving Roosevelt the power to restrict the sale of
strategic materials–materials important for fighting
a war–to other countries.
• Roosevelt
immediately
blocked the sale
of airplane fuel
and scrap iron to
Japan.
• The Japanese
signed an alliance
with Germany and
Italy.
(pages 604–606)
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Japan Attacks the United States
(cont.)
• By July 1941, Japanese aircraft posed a direct threat
to the British Empire.
• Roosevelt
responded to the
threat by freezing
all Japanese assets
in the United States
and reducing the
amount of oil
shipped to Japan.
.
(pages 604–606)
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Japan Attacks the United States
(cont.)
• The Japanese decided to attack resource-rich British
and Dutch colonies in Southeast Asia, seize the
Philippines, and attack Pearl Harbor.
(pages 604–606)
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Japan Attacks the United States
(cont.)
• Japan attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7,
1941, sinking or damaging 21 ships of the U.S.
Pacific Fleet, killing 2,403 Americans, and injuring
hundreds more.
(pages 604–606)
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Final Exam: Essay Question
Beginning in 1931, ten years before Japan attacked, every
graduate of the Japanese Naval Academy had to answer the
following question as part of their final examination:
“How would you carry out a surprise attack on
Pearl Harbor?”
The question remained on the cadets’ exam every year until
the beginning of the war in the Pacific. It is not known if the
Japanese high command used any of the answers from the
ten-year period while planning the real attack.
Japan Attacks the United States
• The next day, President Roosevelt asked
Congress to declare war on Japan.
(cont.)
(pages 604–606)
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Japan Attacks the United States
“Yesterday, December 7, 1941
— a date which will live in
infamy – the United States of
America was suddenly and
deliberately attacked by naval
and air forces of the Empire of
Japan . . . I have directed that
all measures be taken for our
defense . . . No matter how long
it may take us to overcome this
premeditated invasion, the
American people in their
righteous might will win through
to absolute victory.”
— Franklin D. Roosevelt
December 8, 1941
(pages 604–606)
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Japan Attacks the United States
• On December 11, 1941, Japan’s allies – Germany
and Italy–declared war on the United States.
• According to the Axis treaty, Hitler did not have to
declare war on the U.S. (only if Japan was attacked)
• Hitler grew frustrated with the U.S. Navy’s attacks on
German subs in the Atlantic and the Lend-Lease Act
Pearl Harbor Conspiracy?
Both a Top Secret Army Board Report and a Joint Congressional
Committee concluded in 1945 that there was in fact a cover-up
in U.S. intelligence toward Pearl Harbor
- not made public because of what it would do to moral
ARMY BOARD, 1944 "everything that the Japanese were
planning to do was known to the United States…."
Why would FDR let Pearl Harbor be attacked?
Needed to look unprovoked
•
he had actually cut off the
Japanese through a trade
embargo
•
the U.S. was the only military
threat to Japan in Asia
The attack had to be HUGE
•
just firing between the
Germans and U.S. in Atlantic
was not enough to cause war
•
the U.S. had to look weak
and beatable in order for
Germany and Italy to join
Japan
•
it had to outrage the
American public
How could the U.S. of known of the attack?
U.S. intelligence had been
able to decode all
Japanese radio
transmissions
•
they were taped in the
Pacific, radioed to
Washington, and then sent
back de-coded to Hawaii
•
The U.S. had received
warnings from the Soviet
Union, British,
Netherlands, Australia,
Peru, and Korea that an
attack was coming
By November 29th, U.S. knew where and when
U.S. interception of a phone conversation from the Japanese
embassy in D.C.
•
Embassy Worker: "Tell me, what zero hour is. Otherwise, I won't be
able to carry on diplomacy."
•
Voice from Tokyo: "Well then, I will tell you. Zero hour is December 8th
at Pearl Harbor" (Tokyo time which is Dec 7th Washington time)
Argument Against a Conspiracy
Many historians argue that the Japanese just pulled off a brilliant
surprise with everything going right for them.
With the attack coming from the Northeast, American radar
operatives thought it was American B-17s coming in from the
mainland with a delivery.
Concern in Hawaii was sabotage
Any attack on Hawaii by the
Japanese was thought to
be coming from acts of
sabotage operatives.
At Pearl Harbor the ships
were lined up on
“Battleship Row” with
smaller ships in front to
protect from these attacks.
At their airfield the planes
were lined up wingtip to
wingtip outside to protect
against attacks of
sabotage.
Both of these make them easy
targets for the Japanese.
Conspiracy, Miscommunication or Overconfidence?
It is hard to believe that FDR or
the military had any clue
about the magnitude of the
possible attack that would
cripple the US Navy in the
Pacific and lose 2400 men.
Similar to 9/11, although some
people in the military knew
of the possibility of an
attack, there were lapses in
communication
Many expected an attack to
happen in the Philippines.
They also felt the Japanese
were inferior pilots and any
attack in Hawaii would be
easily defeated.
Remembering Pearl Harbor
Remembering Pearl Harbor
Remembering Pearl Harbor
Japan Attacks the United States
(cont.)
What series of events led to the Japanese
attack on Pearl Harbor?
(pages 604–606)
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Japan Attacks the United States
(cont.)
The United States Congress passed the Export Control
Act that restricted the sale of strategic materials to other
nations. Roosevelt immediately blocked the sale of
airplane fuel and scrap iron to Japan. This angered
Japan, which then signed an alliance with Germany
and Italy. The Japanese invasion of southern Indochina
caused Roosevelt to freeze all Japanese assets in the
United States and reduce the amount of oil shipped to
Japan. He also sent General MacArthur to the
Philippines to build up American defenses there.
The Japanese military, lacking oil and other resources,
decided to attack the resource-rich British and Dutch
colonies in Southeast Asia, seize the Philippines, and
(pages 604–606)
attack Pearl Harbor.
Critical Thinking
Interpreting Why was the United States
unprepared for Japan’s attack on Pearl
Harbor?
The United States was still negotiating
with Japan and had failed to collect
sufficient information. The U.S. military
had not shared information among the
various branches.
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