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Out of Many A History of the American People Seventh Edition Brief Sixth Edition Chapter 25 World War II 1941-1945 Out of Many: A History of the American People, Brief Sixth Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World War II 1941-1945 • • • • • • • The Coming of World War II The Great Arsenal of Democracy The Home Front Men and Women in Uniform The World at War The Last Stages of War Conclusion Chapter Focus Questions • What steps did Roosevelt take in the late 1930s to prepare the United States for war? • How did the government marshal the nation’s resources to fight the war? • What major changes occurred in American society as a consequence of wartime mobilization? Chapter Focus Questions (cont’d) • What role did women play in the armed forces during World War II? • What were the main elements of the Allied war strategy? • What were the factors behind the decision to deploy the atomic bomb against Japan? North America and Los Alamos Los Alamos, New Mexico • The Manhattan Project a community of scientists whose mission was to build the atomic bomb The scientists and their families lived in the remote, isolated community of Los Alamos. They formed a close-knit community, united by antagonism toward the army and secrecy from the outside world. Led by J. Robert Oppenheimer The Coming of World War II This photograph shows the explosion of the USS Shaw The Coming of World War II • The depression helped undermine an already shaky world political as unrest spread across Europe and Asia, international trade dropped by as much as two-thirds, and unemployment rose. As militaristic regimes sprang up to threaten the peace, FDR had no clear foreign policy plans, while most Americans opposed foreign entanglements. The Coming of World War II (cont’d) • Yet the U.S. would discover it would have no choice in being pulled into war. The Shadows of War Across the Globe • Militaristic authoritarian regimes that had emerged in Japan, Italy, and Germany threatened peace throughout the world. Japan took over Manchuria and then invaded China. Italy made Ethiopia a colony. German aggression against Czechoslovakia threatened to force Britain and France into the war. The Shadows of War Across the Globe (cont'd) • Kristallnacht signaled Nazi policy toward Jews. Roosevelt Readies for War • By the mid-1930s many Americans had concluded that entry into WWI and an active foreign role for the United States had been a serious mistake. • College students protested against the war. • Congress passed the Neutrality Acts to limit the sale of munitions to warring countries. Roosevelt Readies for War (cont'd) • FDR promoted military preparedness, despite little national support. Roosevelt Readies for War (cont’d) • The combined German-Soviet invasion of Poland plunged Europe into war. • German blitzkrieg techniques quickly led to takeovers of Denmark, Norway, and later Belgium and France. • As the Nazi air force pounded Britain, FDR pushed for increased military expenditures. Roosevelt Readies for War (cont’d) • In 1940 FDR was reelected with a pledge to keep out of war he knew he would not be able to keep. • In August 1941, FDR met with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and drafted the Atlantic Charter—a statement of war aims. • In June 1941 Germany invaded Russia, bringing the Soviets into the Allied camp. Roosevelt Readies for War (cont'd) • Armed American Atlantic convoys had orders to attack U-boats on sight. Pearl Harbor • The Japanese threatened to seize Europe’s Asian colonies. • Pacific Fleet transferred to Pearl Harbor in anticipation of conflict. • After Japan seized Indochina, FDR cut off trade. • Decoded Japanese cables made hostile intentions clear, but not the target of attack. Pearl Harbor (cont'd) • Japan attacked on Pearl Harbor on 12/7/41. • The United States declared war on Japan. • Germany and Italy declared war on the U.S. Franklin D. Roosevelt addressed a joint session of Congress The Great Arsenal of Democracy A woman is shown riveting the wing of an airplane The Great Arsenal of Democracy • By the time the United States entered World War II, the U.S. economy had already been re-geared for military purposes. In a 1940 “fireside chat,” Roosevelt called upon all Americans to make the nation a “great arsenal of democracy.” The Great Arsenal of Democracy (cont’d) • Once the United States entered World War II, the federal government poured an unprecedented amount of energy and money into wartime production and assigned a huge army of experts to manage it. • The Great Depression suddenly ended. Mobilizing for War • Congress and FDR created laws and new agencies to promote mobilization. • The Office of War Information controlled war news and promoted morale at home. • War bonds were used to promote support as well as raise funds. • As mobilization proceeded, New Deal agencies vanished, but the government grew to unprecedented size. Organizing the War Economy • The industrial capacity of the United States was the decisive factor in the war. • Civilian firms were converted to war purposes and American industries were primed for all-out production. • An unprecedented economic boom pulled the country out of the depression. Organizing the War Economy (cont'd) • The largest firms, especially those in the West and South, received large shares of wartime contracts. Organizing the War Economy (cont’d) • The war increased farm profits, but thousands of small farms disappeared and millions migrated from rural area to booming war industry cities in the South and Southwest. New Workers • The demand for labor brought Mexicans, Indians, African Americans, and women into the industrial labor force. • The entry of these new female workers broke down many stereotypes. • Workers’ wages went up, but not as fast as profits or prices. New Workers (cont’d) • Prior to American entry, militant unions had led a number of strikes. • Once the United States entered the war, the major unions agreed to no-strike pledges. • African-American union membership doubled. • Some illegal strikes did break out, leading to federal antistrike legislation. TABLE 25.1 The Home Front The Home Front • Although battle did not touch the U.S. directly, the war still affected American society. Alongside an upsurge of patriotism ran deep conflicts on the home front. Families were disrupted and racial and ethnic hostilities flared repeatedly and on several occasions erupted in violence. These young couples helped the marriage rate skyrocket Families in Wartime • Marriage rates rose. • Shortages of housing and retail goods • With one-parent households increasing, child-care issues arose. Some day-care assistance was available, though it scarcely met people’s needs. Families in Wartime (cont'd) • The rise in unsupervised youths created problems with juvenile crime. The availability of jobs led to higher high school dropout rates. • Public health improved greatly during the war. • Families in Wartime (cont'd) • In what ways does Rockwell’s painting convey ideals related to gender roles during the war? Norman Rockwell’s “Rosie, the Riveter” The Internment of Japanese Americans • Doubt of the loyalty of Japanese American, prompted FDR Executive Order 9066 in February 1942. • More than 112,000 Japanese were removed from their homes in the West to relocation centers, often enduring harsh living conditions. The Internment of Japanese Americans (cont'd) • The Supreme Court upheld the policy, though in 1988 the U.S. Congress voted for reparations and public apologies. Young boys waiting in the baggage-inspection line “Double V”: Victory at Home and Abroad • African-American activists launched a “Double V” campaign calling for victory overseas and equal rights at home. • FDR responded to a threatened march on Washington by banning racial discrimination in defense industries. • New civil rights organizations emerged while older ones grew. “Double V”: Victory at Home and Abroad (cont’d) • More than 1 million blacks left the South to take jobs in war industries. • They often encountered violent resistance from local whites. • In 1943, riots broke out in Detroit and many other cities. “Double V”: Victory at Home and Abroad (cont'd) • The depiction of the contradictions between the principles of liberty and justice, for which Americans were fighting abroad, and the reality of racial prejudice at home. This painting is by Horace Pippin Zoot-Suit Riots • Whites’ bitter resentment against Mexican Americans exploded in 1943. • The zoot-suit riots erupted when whites concluded that Mexican youths who wore the flamboyant clothes were unpatriotic. • Most Mexican Americans served in the military or worked in war industries. Popular Culture and the “Good War” • Movies, radio and reading all became more popular during the war. • Popular culture seemed to bridge the racial divisions. • Southerners moving to northern cities brought musical styles and changed the sound of popular culture. Popular Culture and the “Good War” (cont'd) • Popular entertainment, whether in film or comic books, emphasized the wartime spirit. • Fashion adapted to the war with shorter skirts and nylon stockings. Men and Women in Uniform New recruits to the Women’s Army Corps (WAC) pick up their clothing Men and Women in Uniform • World War II mobilized 16.4 million Americans into the armed forces. Whether working in the steno pool at Great Lakes Naval Training Center in northern Illinois or slogging through mud with rifle in hand in the Philippines, many men and women saw their lives reshaped in unpredictable ways. Men and Women in Uniform (cont’d) • For those who survived, the war often proved to be the defining experience of their lives. Creating the Armed Forces • Before U.S. entry to war, the government had begun a draft. Many draftees were medically unfit or illiterate. Conscientious objectors were assigned noncombat service Creating the Armed Forces (cont'd) • The officer corps, except for General Eisenhower, tended to be professional, conservative, and autocratic. Junior officers were trained in special military schools and developed close ties with their troops. Women Enter the Military • For the first time, the War Department created women’s divisions of the major services: WACs and WAVES and pilot and Marine reserves. • Most women stayed in the country and performed clerical or health-related duties. Some flew planes and others went into combat with the troops. Women Enter the Military (cont'd) • The military closely monitored sexual activity. Old Practices and New Horizons • Despite suspicions of the military’s racism, 1 million African Americans served in the armed forces, encountering segregation. • Army eventually used blacks in combat and organized the Tuskegee Airmen. • Japanese Americans fought heroically in Europe. Old Practices and New Horizons (cont'd) • Many racial or ethnic minorities, homosexuals also served finding their experience made them feel more included in American society. Kirk operating a portable radio unit in a jungle clearing near the front lines The Medical Corps • The risk of injury was much higher than that of getting killed in battle. • Improved surgical techniques, new medicines and blood transfusions saved many who would have died in earlier wars. • Battle fatigue also was a problem, forcing the Army to adopt a troop rotation system. The Medical Corps (cont’d) • The Army depended on a variety of medical personnel to care for sick and wounded soldiers. • Nursing emerged as a military specialty with rank and pay. • The true heroes of the battlefront were the medics attached to each infantry battalion. The World at War Bombers launched a devastating attack on Dresden The city was left in ruins. The World at War (cont’d) • Through 1942, Hitler’s forces controlled Europe, pounding England and driving deep into Russia and across northern Africa to take the Suez Canal. The World at War (cont’d) • Things were little better in the Pacific, where Japanese planes struck the main U.S. base in the Philippines and demolished half the air force commanded by General Douglas MacArthur forcing him to withdraw to the Bataan Peninsula, admitting that Japan had practically seized the Pacific. The World at War (cont’d) • Roosevelt called the news “all bad,” and his military advisers predicted a long fight to victory (see Map 25.1). The World at War (cont’d) • Despite Axis success, the Allies enjoyed several important advantages: vast natural resources and a skilled workforce with sufficient reserves to accelerate the production of weapons and ammunitions; the determination of millions of antifascists throughout Europe and Asia; and the capacity of the Soviet Union to endure immense losses. MAP 25.1 The War in Europe Soviets Halt Nazi Drive • First year for U.S., FDR called the war news “all bad.” The burden of fighting the Nazis fell to the Soviets who blocked the German advance on Moscow. • New weapons—automatic weapons, tanks, artillery and aircraft—made war deadlier but better communications improved command. Soviets Halt Nazi Drive (cont'd) • The Soviets broke the siege of Stalingrad in February 1943 and began to push the Germans back. Planning and Initiating the Allied Offensive • 1942: German and Japanese momentum faded • Soviets appealed for the Allies to open up a “second front” in western Europe, but they instead attacked North Africa and Italy. • Churchill and FDR in Casablanca unconditional German surrender Planning and Initiating the Allied Offensive (cont’d) • U.S. and British planes bombed German cities weakened the economy undermined civilian morale crippled the German air force The Allied Invasion of Europe • The Allied invasion forced Italy out of the war, though German troops stalled Allied advances. • By early 1944, Allied units were preparing for the D-Day assault on France. • Under Eisenhower’s command, more than a million men landed in Normandy after June 6. The Allied Invasion of Europe (cont'd) • Paris was taken on August 25, 1944. France and other occupied countries fell as Allied units overran the Germans. Troop ships ferried Allied soldiers from England to Normandy beaches The High Cost of European Victory • The Battle of the Bulge temporarily halted the Allied advance. • After Christmas Day 1944, the Germans retreated back into their own territory. • In March 1945 an intact bridge across the Rhine gave the Allies a route into the heart of Germany. • In the East, the Soviets drove through Poland and besieged Berlin by April. MAP 25.2 War in the Pacific The War in Asia and the Pacific • Japanese hindered by June 1942 in Pacific. Naval battles and island hopping brought U.S. forces closer to the Japanese home islands. Victories in the Philippines, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa enabled the Allies to bomb Japanese cities but at a high cost for both sides. The War in Asia and the Pacific (cont'd) • Japanese hindered by June 1942 in Pacific. Britain and the United States pressed for rapid surrender to prevent the Soviets from taking any Japanese-held territories. The Last Stages of War Belsen Camp: The Compound for Women, painted by American artist Leslie Cole The Last Stages of War • Until mid-1943, Roosevelt had focused on military strategy rather than on plans for peace. With the defeat of Germany in sight, diplomatic objectives moved to the forefront. The Last Stages of War (cont’d) • Roosevelt wanted both to crush the Axis powers and to establish a system of collective security to prevent another world war. He knew he could not succeed without the cooperation of the other key leaders, Stalin and Churchill. The Last Stages of War (cont’d) • During 1944 and 1945, the “Big Three” met to hammer out the shape of the postwar world, not realizing how quickly the Grand Alliance would fall apart in the face of these issues. The Holocaust • The horror of the Nazi’s systematic extermination of Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals, and other “inferior” races was slow to enter American consciousness. • Although Jewish refugees pleaded for a military strike to stop the killings, the War Department vetoed any such plans. The Holocaust (cont'd) • Only after death camps were liberated in April 1945 did Americans learn of the extent of Nazi crimes. The Yalta Conference • In 1944 FDR was reelected to a 4th term. Exhausted and ill, he still kept VP Truman uninformed. • Churchill, Stalin and FDR attempted to hammer out the shape of the postwar world. • The ideals of the Atlantic Charter fell before Soviet and British demands for spheres of influence. The Yalta Conference (cont'd) • FDR continued to hold on to his idealism, but his death in April cast a shadow over hopes for peaceful solutions to global problems. The Atomic Bomb • The new president, Harry S. Truman, had little leadership experience and lacked FDR’s finesse, but planned a get-tough policy with the Soviet Union. • At Potsdam, little progress was made on planning the future. • Informed of a successful test, Truman decided to use nuclear weapons against the Japanese. The Atomic Bomb (cont’d) • Hiroshima was destroyed on August 6 and Nagasaki on August 9, forcing Japan to surrender on August 14. • Truman claimed the use of the bomb would substantially shorten the war and save American lives. The Atomic Bomb (cont'd) • Truman and his advisors also believed atomic weapons would give them leverage against the Soviets, who did not yet have the bomb. Conclusion Conclusion • World War II was made deadlier than earlier wars by new weapons and tactics, leading to massive military and civilian deaths. • Although America suffered about a million casualties, by comparison with Soviet losses and a worldwide toll of 40 to 50 million, the U.S. came out of the war relatively unscathed. Conclusion (cont’d) • The war mobilized almost all Americans, reinforced federal government power, and forced the U.S. into world leadership. • With peace and prosperity after the war, Americans looked forward with confidence and optimism into what would prove to be an uncertain future. Chronology