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The War in the Pacific
Angela Brown
Chapter 24 Section 3
1
Learning Targets:
• Summarize the Japanese advance in the
Pacific in 1941 and 1942 and describe
Allied victories that turned the tide of war.
• List the Allied struggle for the Pacific
islands, including Iwo Jima and Okinawa.
• Describe the Manhattan Project and its
effect on bringing an end to the war.
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• Just hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor,
Japanese war planes based in China hit Clark
Field, the main American air base in the
Philippines Islands.
• American troops had occupied the Philippines
since the Spanish-American War in 1898
• Japanese rejoiced over their victory – but were
puzzled – Didn’t the Americans know the war had
started?
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:AftermathJap.jpg
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The Japanese Advance,
1941-1942
• Gen Douglas MacArthur, the commanding general
at Clark Field had not expected an immediate
attack.
• ½ MacArthur’s air force was destroyed.
• Within days, a large Japanese force landed in the
Philippines
• MacArthur withdrew to the Bataan Peninsula and
waited to be evacuated by Navy
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General MacArthur
http://www.psywarrior.com/GenMacArthur.jpg
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http://www.vfwpost549.org/images/articles/bataan_map.jpg
The Philippines Fall
• After 4 months, FDR ordered MacArthur to
escape to Australia – Mac Arthur promised “I
Shall Return”
• 2000 soldiers and nurses escaped to Corregidor in
Manila Bay and joined the forts defenders– lived
in tunnels of fortress.
• Running low on ammunition and food over 11,000
American and Filipinos surrendered on May 6,
1942
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http://www.calvarysac.org/missions/philippines/images/phillipines_map.jpg
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Bataan Death March
• Bataan Death March – 76,000 marched in
groups of 500 to 1000, 60 miles to railroad,
shipped to prison camps.
• 10,000 died on 6-12 day march weakened by little
food and medicine – many executed
• General blamed for organizing march was 1 of 6
Japanese executed for war crimes.
• Took 3 years for news to reach America – 3
soldiers escaped from their prison camp
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http://ghostofbataan.com/bataan/page3.html
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http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/USPics/bataan/daws7.jpg
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The War at Sea
• The Battle of Coral Sea, first naval combat
carried out entirely by aircraft.
• 1942 a largely American naval group halted a
Japanese Advance by engaging a superior enemy
fleet in the Coral Sea, Northeast of Australia.
• Enemy Ships never came within sight of one
another.
• Planes launched from aircraft carriers 70 miles
away
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http://www.delsjourney.com/images/family_history/ww2/neosho/coral_sea/maps/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea_Map_-_April_30-May_4_-_168dpi.gif
Battle of Coral Sea
• Within 5 days each lost ½ aircraft.
• American aircraft carrier Lexington
destroyed; Yorktown heavily damaged.
• Japanese – one carrier sank, another lost
most of planes, third put out of action.
• Battle a draw but blocked Japanese
invasion of Australia.
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http://www.chinfo.navy.mil/navpalib/ships/carriers/histories/cv02-lexington/lex1941sea.jpg
15
Allied Victories Turn the Tide
• The battles for Midway Island and
Guadalcanal changed the course of the war
in the Pacific .
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http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/ima
ges/si/midway_map2.jpg
http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/images/si/midway_map2.jpg
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The Battle of Midway
• Japanese Admiral Yamamota believed the War
would be won or lost due to American Naval
power.
• He knew America would use all resources to
protect Midway – vital to defense of Hawaii.
• Hoped to lure U.S. navy to Battle at Midway and
destroy – committed a large part of Japanese
forces to plan.
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http://www.pacific-war.com/yamamoto.jpg
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• June 1942 – battle fought entirely by air.
• U.S. planes found Japanese carriers while
loading bombs on planes – quickly
destroyed three carriers (ignited bombs on
deck) – 4th destroyed while escaping
• After Midway, Japan was unable to
launch anymore offensive operations.
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http://www.usni.org/navalhistory/Articles03/images03/1schlesinger10.jpg
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Checking Your Knowledge:
1. What part of the world were the battles of
Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal
fought?
2. Just hours after they bombed Pearl Harbor,
the Japanese attacked…
3. With the words “I shall return,” General
Douglas MacArthur promised to…
4. The Allies sunk all four Japanese carriers
and 250 planes at…
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The Battle of Guadalcanal
• First offensive goal capture Guadalcanal
in Solomon Island – Aug. 1942
• 11,000 Marines landed – 2200 Japanese fled
into Jungle
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http://www.medalofhonor.com/Guadalcanal.gif
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http://baby.indstate.edu/gga/gga_cart/ladder03.jpg
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The Battle of Guadalcanal
• Months of fighting – now controlled water
around Guadalcanal
• First taste of jungle warfare – U.S.
marines easy targets for snipers.
• Feb 1943 – Japanese withdraw undetected
until Marines found empty boats on beach.
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Struggle of Islands
• American forces began Island Hopping – a
strategy of selectively attacking or by passing
specific enemy held islands.
• Island Hopping in the Pacific
• Solomon Islands  Gilbert Islands  Tarawa
Island  Marshall Islands  seized Kwajalein
and Eniwetok  Mariana Islands  now able to
drop bombs on Japanese cites
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The Philippines Campaign
• Summer 1944 – Gen. MacArthur
convinced FDR to free Filipino people.
• 160,000 American troops invaded in
October – secured beach.
• Mac Arthur came ashore with news cameras
“People of the Philippines, I have returned.”
• Greatest naval battle of world history
developed off the coast.
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• 280 ships – 3 day battle of Leyte Gulf.
• First use of Kamikazes or suicide planes.
• Japanese navy virtually destroyed.
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http://membres.lycos.fr/judoboy6/judoboy/japon.html
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http://membres.lycos.fr/judoboy6/judoboy/japon.html
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• Land forces – Leyte Battle took 2 months,
80,000 killed.
• Manila took 1 month, Manila destroyed,
100,000 Filipino civilians dead.
• It was June 1945 before Philippines
securely in Allied hands.
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Iwo Jima
• Battle of Iwo Jima – one of the bloodiest
of the war – 700 miles from Japan
• November 1944 – American bombers
pounded Iwo Jima from Marianas for 74
days.
• February 1945 – marines stormed beaches,
in three days of combat the marines moved
700 yards inland.
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http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/fi/0000018f.jpg
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http://www.house.gov/ebjohnson/images/iwo-jima-memorial-1.gif
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http://www.iwojima.com/raising/l721flag.gif
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• 110,000 American troops vs. 25000
Japanese – took months to secure the island
• Japanese fought to death only 216 taken
prisoner.
• 25,000 American causalities – 27 medals
of honor
• Admiral Nimitz – “uncommon valor was a
common virtue”.
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Okinawa
• The Battle of Okinawa – April to June 1945 –
100,000 Japanese – 350 miles from Japan.
• Last obstacle to Allied invasion of Japanese
homeland – prepared to fight to the death.
• U.S. 1300 warships, 180,000 combat troops.
• Japanese pilots flew 2000 kamikaze attacks.
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http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/Newsbriefs/9601/01-12/okinawa.jpg
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• Banzai attacks – attacks designed to kill as
many enemy as possible while dying in
battle
• Only 7200 Japanese remained to surrender
• U.S. lost 50,000 troops – costliest
engagement of Pacific war
• Opened way for Japanese Invasion
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The Manhattan Project
• August 1939 – FDR received a letter from Jewish
Physicist Albert Einstein (sought refuge in U.S.
from Nazi’s) – hinted at new type of bomb
• Manhattan Project – FDR concerned Germans not
develop this weapon first – organized top secret
development of a bomb
• July 1945 – field tested world’s first atomic
bomb in the desert of New Mexico (blew a huge
crater in the Earth and shattered windows 125
miles away.
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http://sprott.physics.wisc.edu/images/einstein.jpg
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http://www.commondreams.org/headlines03/images/1110-02.jpg
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http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/sharemed/targets/
images/pho/t039/T039873A.jpg
“Little Boy”
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http://fugato.net/wp-content/hiroshima-mushroom-cloud.jpg
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The Decision to Drop the Bomb
• Allied planners had already worked out a plan for
a massive invasion of Japan.
• A naval blockade or continued conventional
bombing could also defeat Japan.
• Demonstrate new weapon on a deserted island
to show Japanese its awesome power.
• Soften insistence on unconditional surrender.
• Interim committee of scientists, military leaders
and government officials – Spring 1945
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• The heavy American casualties at Iwo Jima
and Okinawa were a factor in the
committees unanimous support for using the
bomb.
• Harry Truman made the final decision.
(barely three months after FDR’s sudden
death in April 1945)
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• Truman had no difficulty making up his
mind – he considered the bomb to be a
military weapon that should be used.
• Truman never regretted his decision –
despite controversy that arose later.
• “You should do your weeping at Pearl
Harbor,” Truman told critics in 1963.
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Japan Surrenders
• August 6, 1945 – American planes dropped
an atomic bomb on Hiroshima – city with a
large naval base
• 140,000 died in explosion or soon after –
90% of buildings damaged or destroyed
• 3 days later a second bomb was dropped on
Nagasaki = similar devastation
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http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/39346000/jpg/
_39346171_hiroshima_main_203.jpg
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http://files.uzitalk.com/images/usma/museum/fat_man.jpg
“Fat Man”
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http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/sharemed/targets/images
/pho/00169/00169d0d.jpg
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http://jasonteale.com/images/photos/Japan/bomb-site-2.jpg
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• August 14, 1945 – Japan accepted
Americans terms for surrender
• Formal surrender signed aboard U.S.S.
Missouri in Tokyo Bay on September 2,
1945.
• THE LONG DESTRUCTIVE WAR
FINALLY ENDED.
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Checking your Knowledge:
• The goal of the Manhattan Project was to…
• What finally brought an end to World War
II?
• An important strategy used by American
forces in the Pacific was…
• What were some alternatives to using the
atomic bomb against Japan? Do you think
any of these alternatives would have been
better than the actions taken? Explain.
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