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World War II The Road to War: Aggression and Response • International political instability arose from: – Built-up resentments from WWI – Worldwide depression of the 1930s – Ultra-nationalist movements in Japan, Italy, Germany The Rise of Aggressor States • National Socialist (Nazi) Party – Adolf Hitler • Benito Mussolini Isolationist Sentiment and American Neutrality • Neutrality Acts (1935, 1936, 1937) • “Cash and carry”: The U.S. would sell war materials to countries if they paid and picked it up themselves. The Outbreak of War in Europe • Munich Conference (1938) – Appeasement – Gives Hitler the Sudentenland in Czechoslovakia • Germany annexes Czechoslovakia • Stalin-Hitler Pact: Appeasement – Divide Poland between them • World War II – Germany Occupies all of Poland (1939) • Blitzkrieg: Hitler moves to take Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and France America’s Response to War in Europe • Roosevelt tries to mold American opinion against Axis powers • “Cash and carry" • Selective Training and Service Act (1940) • Destroyers for bases deal • Robert Wood and the America First Committee – Worry about ourselves • American Anti-Semitism Japan’s Attack on Pearl Harbor • December 7, 1941 • Roosevelt called it the day that would “live in infamy.” • Surprise attack that showed Americans the Pacific and Atlantic did not make them safe • Fueled nationalism and patriotism • War declared on Japan Major Powers • Allies: 26 countries that included Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and the U.S. • Axis: Germany, Italy, and Japan Major Events • • • • • • • • Fought in 3 major areas: Europe, North Africa, and the Pacific 1941: Germany invades the Soviet Union 1942: Battle of Midway (the U.S. gains naval control in Pacific) 1942-1943: Battle of Stalingrad June 6, 1944: D-Day (Allied invasion of Normandy, France) 1944-45: Iwo Jima in the Pacific December 1944: Battle of the Bulge April 12, 1945: Roosevelt dies; Allied troops meet in Germany and Hitler commits suicide • May 8, 1945: V-E Day • August 1945: bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki • September 2, 1945: V-J Day D-Day Wartime Diplomacy • Atlantic Charter Meeting, 1941: Roosevelt and Churchill met in North Atlantic to agree on peace principles and establishing free governments • Casablanca, 1943: Roosevelt and Churchill use the term “unconditional surrender.” • Cairo, 1943: Roosevelt, Churchill, and Chiang Kai-shek plan D-Day • Tehran, 1943: The “Big Three” meet • Yalta, 1945: The “Big Three” outline division of Germany and trials of war criminals. S.U. promises to help with Japan. • Potsdam, 1945: Allies warn Japan to surrender. Yalta Conference