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Osher Lifelong Learning Institute at CSU East Bay 4 ROADS IN THE GARDEN OF BEASTS APPEASEMENT, COLLABORATION, RESISTANCE AND DISSENT Kevin P. Dincher www.kevindincher.com www.crazymoonconsulting.com Block der Frauen (Block of Women): Rosenstraße Protest Monument, Berlin Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 2 "The strength of civil disobedience, the vigor of love overcomes the violence of dictatorship; Give us our men back; Women were standing here, defeating death; Jewish men were free.“ Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 3 FOUR ROADS IN THE GARDEN OF BEASTS APPEASEMENT The policy of acceding to the demands of a potentially hostile nation in the hope of maintaining peace 1. “Cowardice” 2. Political/Economic Instability 3. Nativism, Isolationism, Neutrality and Pacifism 4. Hitler’s Message (Peace/Justice) Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 4 5. America’s own AntiSemitism COLLABORATION To cooperate treasonably, as with an enemy occupation force in one's country 1. Not citizens of the Third Reich 2. Willingly supported Nazi Agenda or Activities 3. Motivated by: Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher Nationalism Ethnic hatred Anti-communism Anti-Semitism Opportunism Survival 5 • • • • • • RESISTANCE • Underground Organization • • “Struggle” • • Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher In Germany Outside Germany Armed Un-armed 6 An underground • organization engaged in a struggle for national liberation in a country under military or totalitarian occupation RESISTANCE IN GERMANY No united or coordinated resistance movement in Germany at any time during the Nazi period • • • Gestapo Ideological differences Estimates • • 77,000 German citizens executed “tens of thousands” German citizens sent to concentration camps • Garden of Beasts Hans Mommsen • One of the leading historian on Nazi Germany and Holocaust • Hitler = weak dictator • "resistance without the people" Kevin P. Dincher 7 • Kevin P. Dincher 8 Garden of Beasts THEODORE SEUSS GEISEL MARCH 2, 1904 – SEPTEMBER 24, 1991 • Not Jewish, but experienced antiSemitism • 1920s Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 9 • Magazine articles • Advertisements • Comic Strip THEODORE SEUSS GEISEL MARCH 2, 1904 – SEPTEMBER 24, 1991 1937 • "A Story That No One Can Beat“ • "Lookin' Out My Back Door“ Garden of Beasts 1970 John Fogarty, Creedance Clearwater Revial Kevin P. Dincher 10 • • THEODORE SEUSS GEISEL MARCH 2, 1904 – SEPTEMBER 24, 1991 World War II Political Cartoon Communism: • • Threat was overstated Bigger danger: Dies Committee (1938) • House Committee on Un-American Activities (1947-1975) • Holocaust • Discrimination against African-Americans and Jews in the US Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 11 • Kevin P. Dincher 12 Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 13 Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 14 Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 15 Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 16 Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 17 Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 18 Garden of Beasts THEODORE SEUSS GEISEL MARCH 2, 1904 – SEPTEMBER 24, 1991 World War II Political Cartoon • Japanese and Japanese-Americans "In response to the letters defending John Haynes Holmes... sure, I believe in love, brotherhood and a cooing white pigeon on every man's roof. I even think it's nice to have pacifists and strawberry festivals...in between wars. But right now, when the Japs are planting their hatchets in our skulls, it seem like a hell of a time for us to smile and warble: 'Brothers!' Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 19 It is a rather flabby battlecry. If we want to win, we've got to kill Japs, whether it depresses John Haynes Holmes or not. We can get palsy-walsy afterward with those that are left." THEODORE SEUSS GEISEL MARCH 2, 1904 – SEPTEMBER 24, 1991 World War II Political Cartoon • Japanese and Japanese-Americans 1954 • Allegory for the Hiroshima bombing and the American postwar occupation of Japan, Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 20 • Dedicated the book to a Japanese friend. Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 21 CAPTAIN GUSTAV SCHRÖDER RESISTANCE • Underground Organization • • “Struggle” • • Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher In Germany Outside Germany Armed Un-armed 22 An underground • organization engaged in a struggle for national liberation in a country under military or totalitarian occupation RESISTANCE IN GERMANY No united or coordinated resistance movement in Germany at any time during the Nazi period • • • Gestapo Ideological differences Estimates • • 77,000 German citizens executed “tens of thousands” German citizens sent to concentration camps • Garden of Beasts Hans Mommsen • One of the leading historian on Nazi Germany and Holocaust • Hitler = weak dictator • "resistance without the people" Kevin P. Dincher 23 • Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 24 Odeonplatz, Munich Feldherrnhalle • 1923 Beer Hall Putsch Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 25 • Blood Order (Blutorden) Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 26 Palais Preysing Viscardigasse: Giovanni Antonio Viscardi (1645 – 1713) Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 27 Nickname: “Drückebergergasse". RESISTANCE IN GERMANY Maurice Bavaud (1916 – 1941) Johann Georg Elser (1903 – 1945) November 8 - 9 • 1918: German Republic declared • 1923: Beer Hall Putsch • 1938: Kristallnacht • Assassination attempt by Bavaud • 1939: Assassination attempt by Elser • • 5 ½ years in Dachau - "special security prisoner" Executed April 9, 1945 Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 28 • 1989: Berlin Wall came down RESISTANCE IN GERMANY 1933 – 1939: Pre-war • Almost no organized resistance within Germany • • • Gestapo/SS Popularity of Hitler regime Elimination of Opposition Groups • Trade Unions and Political Parties (1933) • Concordat with the Catholic Church (1933) • Night of the Long Knives (1934) • Pockets of resistance Garden of Beasts Could not agree on goals/methods Kevin P. Dincher 29 • REICHSKONKORDAT (1933) Garden of Beasts • Catholic Church: “institution” or “organization” • Pius XI (1922-1939): concordats 21 countries • Safeguard church interests and its freedom to act Kevin P. Dincher 30 Concordat = “Treaty” – between a state and the Catholic Church REICHSKONKORDAT (1933) • Gave Hitler prestige • Excluded Catholic clergy and organizations from politics • Ended the German Center Party • Conditioned German bishops to avoid speaking • • • Eugenio Pacelli • Appointment approval Limit on what they could talk about Oath of loyalty and respect the government Pius XII (1939 – 1958) • Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher Subjected the church to legal regulation under civil law 31 • Government control REICHSKONKORDAT (1933) Effectively ended any organized resistance/dissent 2700 clergy sent to concentration camps • 2600 were Catholic • Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 600 survived 32 • RESISTANCE IN GERMANY 1933 – 1939: Pre-war • Almost no organized resistance within Germany • • • Gestapo/SS Popularity of Hitler regime Elimination of Opposition Groups • Trade Unions and Political Parties (1933) • Concordat with the Catholic Church (1933) • Night of the Long Knives (1934) • Pockets of resistance Garden of Beasts Could not agree on goals/methods Kevin P. Dincher 33 • RESISTANCE IN GERMANY 1938 – 1942: Resistance of the German Aristocracy and the Military Tradition of personal obligation Individuals with power Conflicted • • Loyalty to the state – mutiny unthinkable Goals: • • • Garden of Beasts Before 1938: Avoid war Beginning in 1938: coup if go to war? November 1939: • Coup if invasion of Belgium/Netherlands • Hans Oster • Rapid/easy victories Kevin P. Dincher 34 • • • RESISTANCE IN GERMANY 1938 – 1942: Resistance of the German Aristocracy and the Military Operation Valkyrie (Operation Walküre,1944) Garden of Beasts • Assassinate Hitler • Create a new government • Wolf's Lair, Rastenburg, East Prussia • July 7: Salzburg • July 11 • July 15 • July 20 Kevin P. Dincher Count Claus von Stauffenberg 35 • RESISTANCE IN GERMANY 1938 – 1942: Resistance of the German Aristocracy and the Military Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 36 Operation Valkyrie (1944) RESISTANCE IN GERMANY 1938 – 1942: Resistance of the German Aristocracy and the Military Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 37 Operation Valkyrie (1944) RESISTANCE IN GERMANY 1938 – 1942: Resistance of the German Aristocracy and the Military Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 38 Operation Valkyrie (1944) RESISTANCE IN GERMANY 1938 – 1942: Resistance of the German Aristocracy and the Military Failure of Operation Valkyrie (Operation Walküre,1944) • Garden of Beasts Revealed earlier plots: • 1938 • 1939 • 1943-1944 : Operation Spark • Hitler's aircraft • Museum • Winter Uniform • Suicide Mission • Water tower Kevin P. Dincher 39 • RESISTANCE IN GERMANY 1938 – 1942: Resistance of the German Aristocracy and the Military Failure of Operation Valkyrie (Operation Walküre,1944) Garden of Beasts • 7000 arrested • 4980 executed • Effectively ended organized resistance within Germany Kevin P. Dincher 40 • RESISTANCE IN GERMANY The White Rose (die Weiße Rose) • Non-violent, intellectual resistence movement • Students at University of Munich • Anonymous leaflet (6) and graffiti campaign • June 1942 until February 1943 • Original Leaflet (1941) • Fifth Leaflet: January 1943 6,000 and 9,000 copies • Sixth Leaflet: February 1943 Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 41 • Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 42 RESISTANCE IN GERMANY RESISTANCE IN GERMANY The Red Orchestra (Die Rote Kapelle) • Anti-Nazi resistance movement in Berlin • Soviet espionage rings operating in German-occupied Europe and Switzerland during World War II Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 43 • 1942: Red Orchestra Special Detachment (Gestapo, army, SS) RESISTANCE IN GERMANY The Red Orchestra (Die Rote Kapelle) Trepper group in Germany, France, and Belgium (1939-1943) • • Schulze-Boysen/Harnack group in Berlin (1936 – 1942) • • Leopold Trepper Harro Schulze-Boysen (1936) and Arvid Harnack (1937) • Intelligence to Americans • Leaflets • Underground railroad The Red Three (rote Drei) in Switzerland (1936 – 1944) • • Garden of Beasts Alexander Radó Lucy Spy Ring (Rudolph Roessler) Kevin P. Dincher 44 • RESISTANCE OUTSIDE GERMANY • Economic Resistance • Clandestine Press • Intelligence • Sabotage Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 45 • Guerilla Warfare RESISTANCE OUTSIDE GERMANY Polish Underground State • Collective term • Several underground resistance organizations in Poland • Loyal to the Polish Government in Exile in London Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 46 • Estimates: 1 million people (military) RESISTANCE OUTSIDE GERMANY French Resistance • Gaullist • Communists • Socialists • Vichy Collaborators • Foreigners • Jews Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 47 • Women RESISTANCE OUTSIDE GERMANY Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 48 Italian Resistance RESISTANCE OUTSIDE GERMANY Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 49 Italian Resistance RESISTANCE OUTSIDE GERMANY Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 50 Italian Resistance RESISTANCE OUTSIDE GERMANY Italian Resistance • 70,000 Italian women were organized in the women defense groups. • 35,000 (of 232.841 fighting persons) women were fighting as partisans. • 4,600 were arrested, tortured and sentenced, • 2.750 were deported to Germany • 623 were shot or killed in fighting Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 51 • 512 women were placed in official functions, as commissioners and commanders RESISTANCE OUTSIDE GERMANY Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 52 Italian Resistance