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WORLD WAR 2 1939-1945 1. INVASION OF POLAND • September 1, 1939 German forces unleashed a blitzkrieg on Poland • Armoured columns burst through Polish defenses and raced towards Warsaw leaving their infantry behind to mop up • The Luftwaffe dominated the sky as they outnumbered Polish planes 2300 vs. 800 • Warsaw (Poland’s capital) was bombed on September 25 when it would not surrender USSR Joins • September 17, 1939 USSR Invaded Poland, Finland, & Baltic states (LITHUANIA, LATVIA AND ESTONIA). • By the end of the month Poland had been partitioned between Germany and the Soviets • Britain and France declared war on Germany on September 3. They got their navies ready and continued to bolster their armies and air forces. All far to late for Poland…… The lopsided Invasion Germany's Armed Forces • 60 divisions • 6 brigades • 9,000 guns • 2,750 tanks • 2,315 aircraft • Total: • 1,500,000 Germans Poland’s Armed Forces • 39 divisions (some of them were never fully mobilized and concentrated) • 16 brigades • 4,300 guns, • 880 tanks, • 400 aircraft • Total: 950,000 BLITZKRIEG • Blitzkrieg was a Western media definition for Germany’s style of maneuver warfare • What Hitler thought of this term was, "I have never used the word Blitzkrieg, because it is a very silly word“. • New style of Invasion: • Aerial bombardment • Armored divisions • Artillery attack • Ground forces Blitzkrieg • A new method of warfare whereby an attacking force spearheaded by a dense concentration of armoured and motorized or mechanized infantry formations. • heavily backed up by close air support. • Breaks into the enemy's line of defense through a series of short, fast, powerful attacks; and once in the enemy's territory, proceeds to dislocate them using speed and surprise, and then encircle them Junkers Ju 87 or “Stuka” Dive bombers It was designed to dive and drop low level bombs on ground targets. Its payload was small and it was extremely vulnerable to enemy fighter planes but exceled in assisting ground forces Panzer III Panzer III was the common name of a medium tank that was developed in the 1930s by Germany and was used extensively in World War II. The official German designation was Panzerkampfwagen III Sd Kfz. 141 (abbreviated PzKpfw III) translating as "armoured fighting vehicle". Motorized Infantry Traditionally soldiers would have to walk to battle. In September, 1939 Germany used only a few units. POLAND 1939 BORDER SECURED BOMBING RAIDS POLAND GERMAN TROOP MARCHING IN POLAND 2. THE PHONY WAR • From October of 1939 to the spring of 1940 there was no fighting on land • Hitler wanted to immediately swing west from Poland and invaded Holland, Belgium and France. • His Generals were horrified and talked him out of it • The West called it the “Phony War” • Germans called it der “Sitzkrieg” or the sitting war • Germany’s navy was very active raiding the shipping lanes and disrupting Britain's international economy 3. SPRING OF 1940 • Germany attacked Denmark and Norway starting on April 9, 1940 • The main goal of this operation was iron ore crucial to modern warfare • And the multiple ports of Norway, especially Narvik allowed Germany to escape the British blockades • The initial invasion took Denmark and Norway by surprise and the out gunned and out numbered Scandinavian countries fell quickly • Denmark in 24 hours and while Norway held out until June 10, 1940 the vital ports were taken immediately German invasion of Scandinavia The War Escalates Mussolini: Speech of the 10 June 1940, Declaration of War on France and England Soldiers, sailors, and aviators! Black shirts of the revolution and of the [Fascist] legions! Men and women of Italy, of the Empire, and of the kingdom of Albania! Pay heed! An hour appointed by destiny has struck in the heavens of our fatherland. The declaration of war has already been delivered to the ambassadors of Great Britain and France. We go to battle against the plutocratic and reactionary democracies of the west who, at every moment have hindered the advance and have often endangered the very existence of the Italian people. Winston Churchill replaces Chamberlin May 10, 1940 MIRACLE OF DUNKIRK • 300,000 French and English soldiers were trapped on the beaches at Dunkirk. • Hitler mistakenly allowed his Luftwaffe to take them out but he he should have commited to an all out attack • 3 days of fog allowed the British to evacuate the beaches • approx. 250,000 soldiers were evacuated Evacuation of Dunkirk 4. THE INVASION OF FRANCE • Germany attacked France from three directions: • - North through Belgium • - Over the Maginot Line (with planes and Para troopers) • - Through the Maginot Line (Ardenne Forests) • Paris fell in June 1940. • France was divided: • North was occupied by Germany • South was named “Vichy France” (collaborated) • LED BY MARSHALL PETAIN OCCUPATION OF EUROPE • If you are living in an occupied country you have three choices: • - Collaborator • - Do nothing and try to stay alive • - Join the Resistance (Underground or Partisans) THE RESISTANCE • Was also called the “Underground” or Partisans (Yugoslavia). • Goal of the resistance was to fight the Germans and contribute in any way to the liberation of their country. • Techniques: • Espionage, smuggling, terrorism, communication, saving prisoners of war, helping Jews, fighting the Germans. • Retaliation against the resistance was immediate and terrible. • FREE FRENCH FORCES • Led by Charles De Gaulle YUGOSLAVIAN PARTISANS Led by Josip Broz Tito De Gaulle and Tito • French General who led Free French (400, 000 men) and government in exile during WW2. • Later founded Fifth French Republic and was President from 1959-1969. • De Gaulle was often difficult to deal with (from a British/American view point). • Partisans often regarded as the most effective resistance in WW II. • Tito was seen as a benevolent dictator. • President or Prime Minster for life 19431980. • Marshal of Yugoslavia. • Chairman of League of Communist of Yugoslavia. BATTLE OF BRITAIN • The spitfire was the • Twin engine Dornier 17 best British fighter in used by the Luftwaffe WW 2 and symbolic during the Second to the RAF. World War II. OPERATION SEALION • This was the planned invasion of England by Germany. • This never happened because the Battle of Britain wasn’t a success for Germany. • The Battle of Britain refers to the battle of Goering’s Luftwaffe vs. the Royal Air Force. • Germany needed to defeat the RAF before crossing the English Channel. AIR ATTACK OF BRITAIN • Goering hoped to defeat the British Air force in 4 days • Targeted: • Convoys in the English Channel • Air fields • Radar stations • Manufacturing, communication and transportation Battle of Britain 10 July – 31 October 1940 Britain and Allies • • • • • • • 1,963 Aircraft British had radar Spitfires 544 Aircrew killed 422 wounded 1,547 aircraft destroyed Britain's kill ratio is superior German • 2550 aircraft • At first the Germans were successful • 2698 aircrew killed • 967 captured • 1,887 aircraft destroyed THE BLITZ • A German bomber accidentally bombed civilians in London on August 24, 1940. • Churchill retaliated against Berlin the next night • Hitler change focus from military targets to civilian and over 267 days, high explosives, were dropped on 16 British cities • The Luftwaffe bombed London for 57 nights but did not overly demoralize the British or cause a surrender • Over 40, 000 civilians were killed, half of them in London. One million homes were damaged or destroyed • Although it was brutal for the people of London, it was the second large tactical mistake for Hitler. WHY THE BLITZ FAILED? • “We can take it” – Churchill. • Germany stopped bombing strategic military targets. • Hitler had to prepare for the invasion of the USSROperation Barbarossa. • The Luftwaffe was never able to slow Britain's war economy as they lacked a cohesive strategy and fourengine bombers. • Germany continued to attack Britain from the air but sporadically for the rest of the war. • Germany used V-1 and V-2 bombs or “doodlebugs”. MUSSOLINI AND North Africa • the North African Campaign took place in North Africa from 10 June 1940 to 13 May 1943 • Mussolini was given the task of taking North Africa. • IMPORTANCE OF NORTH AFRICA: • OIL • SUEZ CANAL • Mediterranean Sea • Many European countries had colonial interests there dating back to the 19th C. • Later the Allies wanted to invade Europe and North Africa provided easy access to Sicily/Italy. Colonial Africa between the wars NORTH AFRICA: The Begining • Fighting in North Africa started with the Italian declaration of war on 10 June 1940. • On 14 June, the British Army crossed the border from Egypt into Libya and captured the Italian Fort Capuzzo. • This was followed by an Italian counteroffensive into Egypt and the capture of Sidi Barrani in September 1940. • The Italian attack stalled and then in December 1940 it was routed by a Commonwealth counteroffensive. • The German Afrika Korps, commanded by Erwin Rommel, was dispatched to North Africa to reinforce Italian forces in order to prevent a complete Axis defeat. North Africa: The Middle • Erwin Rommel was in charge of German forces. • Bernard Montgomery for the British. • A see-saw series of battles for control of Libya and parts of Egypt followed. • At the BATTLE OF EL ALAMEIN in 1942 The British defeated Rommel and the Germans retreated across N. Africa. • The USA entered the war in North-West Africa (Operation Torch) in 1942. North Africa: The End The Allies finally encircled Axis forces in northern Tunisia and forced their surrender. Allies (British Commonwealth, Free French, and Americans) Axis (Italians and Germans) • British loses: 220, 000 MIA, KIA, WIA including 35, 000 KIA. • Free French: 20, 000 KIA, WIA, MIA. • Americans: 18, 000 including 2, 000 KIA. • Material loss: 1,400 Aircraft and 2, 000 tanks. • Italian losses: 22, 000 KIA and 340, 000 captured. • German losses: 20, 000 KIA • And 130, 000 captured. THE BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC • It was the longest continuous military campaign in WW II lasting between 1939-43 • German subs tried to cut off Britain supplies coming from Canada and US. • As an island nation, the United Kingdom was highly dependent on imported goods. Britain required more than a million tons of imported material per week in order to be able to survive and fight. North America becomes the “Arsenal for Democracy”. • In June, 1941, in order to protect the convoys the entire length of the Atlantic, Canada was asked to assume responsibility for the Western zone. • The Canadian Navy, under Commodore Leonard Murray, escorted the merchant ships from Newfoundland to a meeting point at Iceland. Britain’s Biggest Obstacle 1943-45 Turning Point for the Allies Cross Atlantic CONVOY • Allies used new techniques: • Sonar • Depth charges • Long range bombers • Convoys • As a result the allies sunk most of the German subs by 1945 The Battle of Atlantic: The End • The outcome of the battle was a strategic victory for the Allies—the German blockade failed—but at great cost: 3,500 merchant ships and 175 warships were sunk for the loss of 783 U-boats. OPERATION BARBAROSA • June 22 1941 (original plan was for May 15) • Despite the Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact Molotov– Ribbentrop Pact Germany invaded the USSR. • Reasons for invasion: Hitler’s/Germany’s personal hatred of communism/labour shortages/ agriculture/Black Sea ports/oil • It was the largest military operation in history in both manpower and casualties. Its failure was a turning point in the Third Reich's fortunes. • Three original targets: • Leningrad, Moscow and Kiev • 2,900 km front, and close to 4 mil. Germans (and their allies) and 5.5 mil. Russians fought there. What happened? • Tactically, the Germans won resounding victories and occupied some of the most important economic areas of the Soviet Union, mainly in Ukraine. • Despite these successes, the German offensive stalled on the outskirts of Moscow and was then pushed back by a Soviet counter offensive without having taken the city. • The three main reasons that the German’s lost were: Hitler’s overly ambitious plan, combined with an over-stretch armed forces and Russia’s deadly winter/weather and Russia’s surprising ability to mobilize seemingly endless soldiers (pool of 10 Mil.) SCORCHED EARTH POLICY • Stalin ordered both soldiers and civilians to destroy everything to slow down the German advance and deny them supplies/shelter. • Crops were burned, animals killed, roads, bridges and railway lines torn up. • The process was repeated later in the war by the retreating German forces, which burned or destroyed farms, buildings, weapons, and food to deprive Soviet forces of their use. Russian Counter-attack • During the autumn, Stalin had been transferring fresh, well-equipped Soviet forces from Siberia and the Far East to Moscow. • On 5 December 1941, these reinforcements attacked the German lines around the Soviet capital. • Supported by new T-34 tanks and Katyusha rocket launchers. • The new Soviet troops were better-prepared for winter warfare than their foes. The exhausted and freezing Germans were driven away from Moscow on 7 January 1942 Soviet Counter-offensive: Winter 1941 Don, Volga, and Caucasus: Summer 1942 • on 28 June 1942, the German offensive reopened in a different direction. • As the German army was running dangerously low on fuel reserves, Army Group South took the initiative. • The grand plan was to secure the Don and Volga first and then drive into the Caucasus towards the oilfields. • The advance into the Caucasus bogged down, with the Germans unable to fight their way in. Don, Volga, and Caucasus: Summer 1942 BATTLE OF STALINGRAD • TURNING POINT: Germans are forced to retreat • 1942-43 (August 23 – February 2 1943) • Heavy bombing from the Luftwaffe reduced most of the city to rubble. • Bloody close quarters combat necessary in urban fighting (street) caused Stalingrad to have one of the highest number of casualties of any battle. • January 1943 the German army was surrounded, outnumbered and out of food and ammunition. • Friedrich Von Paulus and 91,000 German troops surrendered. • 5,500 of them were released in 1955 but the rest never made it back to Germany. Aftermath • German army and their allies suffered an est. 850,000 killed, missing or wounded. • Russian army lost Approx. 1,120,000 killed, missing or wounded • 95% of all German Army casualties that occurred from 1941 to 1944, and 65% of all Allied military casualties from the entire war. • The Red Army repelled the Wehrmacht's strongest blow, and forced an unprepared Germany into a war of attrition with the largest nation on Earth. ITALY 1943-45 • Italy was invaded from Africa by Allied troops (USA, Canadian, British). • Sept. 1943 Mussolini was deposed, and Italy announced its surrender. • Mussolini was rescued by the SS and put back in power in the North of Italy. • Allies gradually made their way up through Italy. • June 4, 1944 Rome was liberated. • Fighting ended in Italy in May 1945. • Between September 1943 and April 1945, some 60,000 Allied and 50,000 German soldiers died in Italy. “The Soft Underbelly of the Axis” – W.C. Mussolini and his mistress Clara Petacci and 13 other officials of the Italian Social Republic were shoot and then hung by meat hooks in "Piazza Quindici Martiri“ in Milan. JAPAN WORLD WAR 2 General of the Army DOUGLAS MACARTHUR GENERAL Hideki TOJO Leaders of USA and Japan during WW II President Franklin D. Roosevelt Japanese Emperor Hirohito GREATER ASIA CO-PROSPERITY SPHERE Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere • The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere was an imperial concept • Created for occupied Asian populations during 1940 by the government and military of the Empire of Japan. • It promoted the cultural and economic unity of the East Asian race(s). • It also declared the intention to create a selfsufficient "bloc of Asian nations led by the Japanese and free of Western powers". PEARL HARBOUR • • • • • • • • • • • USA stood in the way of Japans conquests: - Washington Treaty (agreement to limit navies) - oil embargos It was inevitable that Japan was going to have to fight the USA. Goal of the invasion of Pearl Harbour was to sink or immobilize USA battleships and aircraft carriers. This would give the Japanese time and maybe the USA would not have the will to fight. The base was attacked by 353 Japanese fighters, bombers and torpedo planes in two waves, launched from six aircraft carriers. All eight U.S. Navy battleships were damaged, with four being sunk. 188 U.S. aircraft were destroyed; 2,403 Americans were killed. President Franklin D. Roosevelt to proclaim December 7, 1941, "a date which will live in infamy". The Japanese also invaded within the next week: Hong Kong, Philippines, Indonesia, Burma, and hundreds of islands. View of Oahu from Japanese plane USS Arizona: She exploded and sank, killing 1,177 officers and crewmen. Battleship Row Battleship Row 1) AIRCRAFT CARRIER BATTLES • The USA declared war on Japan on December 8,1941 • The marines and navy was sent to the Pacific. • Major aircraft carrier battles were fought at Leyte Gulf , Coral sea, and Midway. • Midway was the second TURNING POINT • The Japanese navy tried to lure the Americans into a trap but American code-breaking allowed a reversal of roles and a US victory. • Military historian John Keegan called it "the most stunning and decisive blow in the history of naval warfare”. US had aircraft carriers in the Pacific The Battle of Midway • American strength • • • • • • • 3 carriers 7 heavy cruisers 1 light cruiser 15 destroyers 233 carrier-based aircraft 127 land-based aircraft 16 submarines • Losses: • • • • 1 carrier sunk 1 destroyer sunk 150 aircraft destroyed 307 killed • Japanese strength and losses • • • • • • 4 carriers 2 battleships 2 heavy cruisers 1 light cruiser 12 destroyers 248 carrier-based aircraft • Losses: • • • • • 4 carriers sunk 1 heavy cruiser sunk 1 heavy cruiser damaged 248 aircraft destroyed 3,057 killed 2) ISLAND HOPPING • Macarthur and Nimitz were in charge of the Pacific • The USA had to liberate each country and island in the Pacific. • The Japanese wouldn’t surrender so the fighting was brutal. JAPAN 1945 • Okinawa and Iwo Jima were the last two islands before Japan • The Japanese fought to the death with heavy USA casualties • The USA then began to bomb the island of Japan day and night also using Incendiary bombs • Japan refused to surrender IWO JIMA OKINAWA MANHATTAN PROJECT • Bomb was created at Los Alamos New Mexico • There were 3 bombs • Truman learned in July 1945 of its success FIRST BOMB FIRST TEST HIROSHIMA AND NAGASAKI • The Japanese refused to surrender • The US President, now Harry Truman, believed that 500, 000 to 1 million American lives would be lost trying to defeat the Japanese on their own Islands. • Where they got this number from nobody really knows…. Most likely it was a number given to justify dropping Atom bombs on civilian targets • AUGUST 6, 1945 THE FIRST BOMB WAS DROPPED ON HIROSHIMA (ENOLA GAY – LITTLE BOY) 90,000– 166,000 killed • AUGUST 9, 1945 NAGASAKI (Fat man) 60,000– 80,000 killed D-DAY JUNE 6, 1944 Dwight D. Eisenhower* and Bernard Montgomery Gerd Von Rundstedt and Erwin Rommel* INVASION OF NORMANDY • codenamed OPERATION OVERLORD • The landings were conducted in two phases: an airborne assault landing of 24,000 British, US and Canadian airborne troops shortly after midnight, and an amphibious landing of Allied infantry and armoured divisions on the coast of France starting at 6:30 am. • Surprise was achieved thanks to poor weather and a diversion further East on the French coast. • largest amphibious invasion in world history (included land, sea, and air attacks) • Over 160,000 soldiers landed on 6 June 1944: 73,000 Americans, 61,715 British and 21,400 Canadians. • Atlantic Wall: Hitler ordered the construction of fortifications all along the Atlantic coast, from Spain to Norway. It was a half real fortification of concrete gun bunkers, wooden stakes, metal tripods, mines, and large anti-tank obstacles. • Landed on a 80 km stretch of beaches code named: Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juno, and Sword. • LONGEST DAY: The "...the first 24 hours of the invasion will be decisive...the fate of Germany depends on the outcome...for the Allies, as well as Germany, it will be the longest day.“ –Rommel • SECOND FRONT: Stalin had always pushed his allies to open a second front. EVENTS TO THE END OF THE WAR • August 25, 1944 Paris was liberated • Battle of the Bulge – the last German offensive • The Russians were coming from the east, Allies from the south through Italy, and the Allies from the west (Russians and USA met south of Germany) • The Allies bombed German cities day and night • (Dresden- firebombed – 100,000 died) • April 30.1945 Hitler committed suicide • May 7, 1945 Germany surrendered unconditionally PEACE • August 14, 1945 the Japanese sued for peace • September 2, 1945 the Japanese signed an unconditional surrender (General Macarthur accepted the documents on the deck of the Missouri in Tokyo harbour) TRUMAN JAPANESE ON THE DECK OF THE MISSOURI THE BIG THREE YOUNG BOYS CONSCRIPTED GERMANY SURRENDERS IS THIS HITLER??? World War 2 Review • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Sep 1, 1939 June 6 1944 Sept 14, 1945 July 6, 1945 countries did USSR attack in 1939 Phony war Resistance Partisans Free French Forces Charles De Gaulle Tito Techniques used by resistance Magi not line Vichy France Operation Sea Lion Battle of Britain heroes of the BOB The Blitz Battle of the Atlantic Techniques used by allies in the Atlantic Why did Hitler want N Africa? El Alamien Eisenhower Montgomery Patton Macarthur Yugoslavia and Greece (Italy) V1 and V2 POTENTIAL SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS Battle of Britain Battle of Stalingrad Japan 1941-45 D Day The Resistance • • • • • • • • • • • • • Dec. 7, 1941 Air Craft carrier battles Barbarosa 3 targets of Hitler in USSR Battle of Stalingrad Scorched Earth Italy 1944-45 Greater Asia Co prosperity sphere Pearl Harbour Air craft carriers Kamikaze Island Hopping Nimitz Macarthur Okinawa Iwo Jima Nagasaki Hiroshima Aug. 14 1945 Sept. 2 1945 Manhattan Project Hiro Hito Tojo Why was the atomic bomb used? Enola Gay Little Boy Fat Boy Day Names for Day Eisenhower Rommel Montgomery Patton • Calais Normandy