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Bellringer If you witnessed an unprovoked attack on your neighbor, who is obviously weaker than their assailant, what would you do? What would you do if they asked for your help? Cornell Notes: Three Questions Today, I will learn . . . – Describe the goals of the two major offensives the Allies launched in Europe in 1943. I will learn it by . . . – Take notes using Cornell Notes Strategy; listening skills, write questions in side margins, summarize notes. I have learned it when I can . . . – Create a database of World War II battles. Essential Question: What were the major battles of WWII in Europe? The United States in World War II 1941-1945 PowerPoint by Mr. Hataway Created February 1, 2004 Revised February 7, 2007 Enhanced February 1, 2011 The United States in World War II THE EUROPEAN FRONT continued on next slide The European Front Theme: In terms of lives lost and material destruction, World War II was the most devastating war in human history. It began in 1939 as a European conflict between Germany and an Anglo-French coalition but eventually widened to include most of the nations of the world. It ended in 1945, leaving a new world order dominated by the United States and the USSR. War in Europe and North Africa • Allied Strategy • Japan’s conquests were in remote and relatively unimportant region. • If Soviets surrender, Hitler could invade Britain. • Defeat Italy and Germany First. • Pacific War one of “active defense.” • North Africa • Invasion of Europe • Bombing of Germany • Eastern European Front War in Europe and North Africa • North Africa, 1942 • Battle of El Alamein (Egypt) • British Eighth Army under Gen. Bernard Montgomery. • German Afrika Korps under Gen. Erwin “Desert Fox” Rommel. • Marked turning point in the war in North Africa. Battle of El Alamein (in Egypt) War in Europe and North Africa • North Africa, 1942 • Invasion of Morocco & Algeria (Nov. 8th) • American and British troops fought. • Gen. George Patton’s 7th Army in North Africa. • Nazi Gen. Rommel recalled by Hitler. His troops surrender. • 16 Nazi Gen. Taken prisoner along with 250,000. War in Europe and North Africa • Invasion of Italy, 1943 • 250,000 American and British troops invaded Sicily and Salerno. • Italians overthrew Mussolini prior to invasion; German soldiers continue fight. War in Europe and North Africa • Invasion of Italy (1943) • Jailed, Mussolini was rescued by Hitler’s SS troops. (note: In April 1945, Mussolini was caught and killed Italian partisans.) • Rome not liberated until June 1944. War in Europe and North Africa • Bombing of Germany • B-17 Flying Fortress, “the mightiest bomber ever built,” bomb Germany’s infrastructure • Germany moves factories to countryside and civilian areas. Tuskegee Airmen flying escort in P-51 Mustang War in Europe and North Africa • Bombing of Germany • In 1943, Allies redirect bombing to civilian populations • Hamburg: 60-100,000 killed; 300,000 buildings burned • Dresden: 135,000 killed; 8 square miles destroyed War in Europe and North Africa War in Europe and North Africa • Eastern European Front • Russian deaths exceeded 20 million • Battle of Stalingrad (1943) – Germans took the city then was trapped there by the harsh winter weather. War in Europe and North Africa War in Europe and North Africa • Eastern European Front • Battle of Leningrad (1941-44) – broken after 1,000 day siege; starvation took thousands of lives. • Soviet finally begin march toward Germany in summer of 1944. Stop Here! Bellringer If you had the ability to travel back in time and kill Hitler, would you do it? Why or why not? Cornell Notes: Three Questions Today, I will learn . . . – Describe the goals of the two major offensives the Allies launched in Europe in 1943. I will learn it by . . . – Take notes using Cornell Notes Strategy; listening skills, write questions in side margins, summarize notes. I have learned it when I can . . . – Create a database of World War II battles. Essential Question How was “Operation Overlord” important to the overall success of the Allies? • D-Day: The Normandy Invasion • Battle of the Bulge • Liberation of the Death Camps War in Europe and North Africa • D-Day: The Normandy Invasion • June 6, 1944 • Code Named “Operation Overlord” • General Dwight D. Eisenhower • Supreme Allied Commander in Europe • in charge of operation • Gen. George S. Patton • commanded 3rd Armored Division. General Dwight D. Eisenhower Supreme Allied Commander in Europe War in Europe and North Africa M4 Sherman Tank General George Patton War in Europe and North Africa • D-Day: The Normandy Invasion • Cross English Channel • Placed 3 million men ashore. • Beachheads established by end of the first day. • Free French Troops • Liberated Paris on Aug. 25, 1944 War in Europe and North Africa • Battle of the Bulge (Dec. 1944 – Jan. 1945) • “Hitler’s Last Gamble” • Hoped to break Allied lines; divide force in half and cut off Allied supplies. • Germans lost 120,000 of best trained troops. • American and Allied troops continue advance on Germany. Battle of the Bulge Battle of the Bulge War in Europe and North Africa • Liberation of Nazi Death Camps, 1945 • Soviets liberated Auschwitz (Jan. 1945) • Americans liberated Buchenwald (Apr. 1945) • Eisenhower orders all troops to tour the camps • “be eye-witnesses to the existence of the homicidal gas chamber” War in Europe and North Africa War in Europe and North Africa War in Europe and North Africa • Fall of Berlin • Caught between British-American forces on one side and Soviet forces on the other, Nazi resistance quickly collapses. • In April, American and Soviet forces, converging at the Elbe River. • Soviets reduce Berlin to rubble. • On April 30, 1945, Hitler & Eva Braun committed suicide. Reichstag After Fall of Berlin - 1945 War in Europe and North Africa • V-E Day • May 8, 1945 • Germany signs unconditional surrender. Big Three Wartime Conferences War in Europe and North Africa • Wartime Conferences: • The Big Three – USA, Britain, & USSR • The Tehran Conference (Nov. 1943) – Planned overall battle strategy • The Yalta Conference (Feb. 1945) – Began deciding the fate of countries taken by Hitler • The Potsdam Conference (July 1945) – With knowledge of the bomb, Truman took charge Each leader came to Yalta with an agenda. Roosevelt desired Soviet military support against Japan following the defeat of Germany and Soviet participation in the United Nations, while Churchill was focused on securing free elections for Soviet-liberated countries in Eastern Europe. Counter to Churchill's desire, Stalin sought to build a Soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe to protect against future threats. In addition to these long-term issues, the three powers also needed to develop a plan for governing postwar Germany. Yalta Conference The Big Three: Winston Churchill (Great Britain), Franklin D. Roosevelt (USA), and Joseph Stalin (USSR) Discussed post-war arrangements in Europe, frequently without agreement. A joint proclamation by the U.S., Great Britain and China, the three main powers then fighting Japan. This "Potsdam Declaration" described Japan's present perilous condition, gave the terms for her surrender and stated the Allies' intentions concerning her postwar status. It ended with an ultimatum: Japan must immediately agree to unconditionally surrender, or face "prompt and utter destruction". Potsdam Conference The Big Three: British Prime Minister Clement Atlee, U.S. President Harry S Truman, and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin