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World War II Chapter 16 World War II Paths to War: Germany & Japan Section 1 World War II German Path to War • Hitler’s Idea: Aryan race & Germany would become a powerful country (large populations need more land, right? – How will Germany acquire more lebensraum? • Look to the EAST… • First Steps by Germany: – 1. Revise Treaty of Versailles by “peaceful” means. – 2. Built Air Force & military – 3. Reoccupy the Rhineland (demilitarized area) – 4. Appeasement – keep things peaceful in Britiain New Alliances • Axis Powers – Italy – Japan – Germany • Hitler wanted to unite with Austria – Convinced Austria to put Nazis in charge of government & then Hitler annexed Austria as a part of Germany Japanese Path to War • War with China – Japan wanted to expand into Chinese lands • New Asian Order – Japan wanted to help modernize the rest of Asia – Acquire Soviet Siberia (rich in resources) – Cooperated with Nazi Germany in plan to attack Soviet Union Course of War Section 2 World War II Germany Sparks a New War • Stalin and Hitler make a deal to reclaim land taken by Allies (Nonaggression Pact) • Germany invades Poland, France and Great Britain declare war on Germany September 1939. (Cannot mobilize troops) • Blitzkrieg “Lightning War” – new German war tactic • Stalin orders Russian troops to invade and occupy the western part of Poland France Falls • Hitler launches an attack through Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands (side tracks France) • Germans made it through fortifications and into France, eventually took over Paris. • France surrendered June 22, 1940. • French resistance to German occupation set up a government in London to try to recapture France. Battle of Britain • Winston Churchill – new British Prime Minister • Bombing Raids by German Luftwaffe (air force) • Two Technologies Helped British: – Radar Detection (# of planes and direction) – Enigma German code-making machine (to break code) • May 1941, Hitler called off attacks in Great Britain due to strong British resistance. The Eastern Front • June 22, 1941 Hitler’s troops invade the Soviet Union (Russia). – Soviets not prepared for attack, WHY? • Soviets still used scorched earth policy (Who had this defeated before?) • Germans siege Leningrad – 1 million people died in siege (Germans starved them to death and surrender) • Hitler’s order for no retreat when trying to take Moscow cost them 500,000 lives when winter weather set in. (Sound familiar?) Comprehension Check • 1. True or False: Hitler’s military tactic he used in WWII was called the Schlieffen plan. • 2. True or False: After Hitler invaded Poland, the United States declared war on Germany. • 3. True or False: At the beginning of the war, the United States remained neutral and did not join the war. • 4. True or False: Winston Churchill was the Prime Minister of France. • 5. True or False: Hitler made a costly mistake of invading the Soviet Union in 1941. Japan’s Pacific Campaign Section 2 World War II Pearl Harbor • December 7, 1941 – Attack on Pearl Harbor – First attack on American soil = declaration of war • Japanese Admiral, Isoroku Yamamoto said Pearl Harbor was a “dagger pointed at [Japan’s] throat” (a threat) & needs to be destroyed • U.S. knew attack was eminent, but did not know where • In 2 hours, Japanese had sunk 19 ships (8 battleships), 2,300 Americans kiled/1,100 wounded = SHOCK Pearl Harbor Allies Strike Back • Battle of Midway: 1,500 miles west of Hawaii – Turning Point in War: Japan’s navy defeated • Douglas McArthur – general of U.S. troops in the Pacific – “Island Hopping” – trying to capture Japaneseheld islands War Limits Civil Rights • Japanese Internment Camps – Japanese people were ‘relocated’ to internment camps throughout the Midwest – Americans feared Japanese and considered them the enemy after the attack at Pearl Harbor Comprehension Check • Write a journal entry in the perspective of anyone involved in the Pearl Harbor attacks. – Describe what you see, hear, smell, feel, touch. – Be creative! The Allied Victory Section 4 World War II Two Front War • Battle of Stalingrad: Very similar to the Battle of Leningrad (same outcome for Germans), it was VERY costly for Soviets (lost 1 million soldiers, and 99% of Stalingrad was destroyed) • Invasion of Italy: Britain and U.S. invaded Italy to oust Mussolini – Mussolini arrested, but then placed back in power by Germans – Shot and hung in Milan for all to see (humiliation) Allied Home Fronts • Americans (women) produced weapons used in the war; 17-18 million produced war goods • Factories converted to wartime production (machine guns to boots) • Rationing consumer goods (factories producing less consumer goods) • Propaganda (to rally people to the war effort) Victory in Europe • Dwight D. Eisenhower: general of the U.S. Army, commander at D-Day invasion • D-Day: 6/6/1944: Storming the beaches at Normandy, France; held the beach and marched into Paris (reclaimed France) • Battle of the Bulge 12/16/1944: 2nd attempt to defeat Germans = successful • 5/7/1945 Germany Surrenders! – Allies converge on Berlin & fire – Hitler commits suicide; Germany surrenders – V-E Day: Victory in Europe Day, end of WWII Victory in the Pacific • Atomic Bomb – Manhattan Project – Page 512 of textbook – Hiroshima – August 6, 1945 – Nagasaki – August 9, 1945 • Japanese surrendered on September 2, 1945. • The U.S. would occupy Japan and help rebuild the war-torn country. • Peace was official negotiated in 1951. Comprehension Check • 1. True or False: Japanese-Americans were moved to internment camps during WWII. • 2. What does V-E Day stand for? • 3. True or False: Dwight D. Eisenhower was the U.S. general for troops during D-Day. • 4. True or False: The Allied troops were unsuccessful in reclaiming France from the Germans. • 5. True or False: The United States dropped three atomic bombs on Japan in 1945. Europe and Japan in Ruins Section 5 World War II Devastation in Europe • 40 million Europeans died (2/3 civilians) • 100s of cities destroyed because of bombings • Famine because devastation to transportation systems and cities = food could not reach the citizens Postwar Governments & Politics • Shift to Communism in countries like France and Italy. • Nuremberg Trials: War Crimes Court – 22 Nazi leaders accused of waging a war or aggression and committing crimes against humanity (murder of 11 million people) Postwar Japan • Occupied Japan: General MacArthur was in charged of the U.S. occupation of Japan. – Wanted to be fair, not cause resentment, and cause no future wars with Japan – Demilitarization of Japanese armed forces – War criminals on trial (condemned to hang) – Created a new Japanese constitution that formed a democratic government Comprehension Check • 1. True or False: MacArthur was the U.S. general who led the occupation of Japan. • 2. True or False: After WWII, governments did NOT change from Fascism. • 3. True or False: The Nuremberg trials tried Nazi war criminals for crimes against humanity. • 4. True or False: Peace was finally negotiated with Japan in 1951. • 5. True or False: Japan became a democracy after U.S. occupation. The Holocaust Section 3 World War II Holocaust Begins • “Night of Broken Glass” – 17 y.o. Herschel Grynszpan, Jew from Germany visiting uncle in Paris, shot a German diplomat in Paris over the deportation of his father – After this incident, violent attacks on Jewish communities by Germans (Nazis attacked) • Jewish refugees flood into other countries to protect themselves and families • Ghettos – isolation of Jews in own communities “Final Solution” • Genocide • Concentration Camps Jews Killed Under Nazi Rule Original Population Jews Killed Percent Surviving Poland 3,300,000 2,800,000 15% Soviet Union 2,100,000 1,500,000 29% Hungary 404,000 200,000 49% Romania 850,000 425,000 50% Germany/A ustria 270,000 210,000 22% Comprehension Check • • • • • 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.