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World War II
Outline
5 Failures of Collective
Security
Course of the War
The Homefront
Axis-Occupied Europe
Allied Experiences
Resistance?
War’s End
Terms
Spanish Civil War
General Francisco Franco
Anschluß
Sudetenland
Munich Conference
Nazi-Soviet Pact
Operation Barbarossa
Blitzkrieg
Vichy France
Charles de Gaulle
Internment
Displaced Persons
Five Failures of Collective Security
1.
2.
3.
4.
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Japanese takeover Manchuria (1931)
Italy moves vs. Ethiopia (1935)
League sets up sanctions
Sanctions ineffective
Remilitarizing the Rhineland (1936)
The Spanish Civil War (1936-39)
Spanish Popular Front
Falangists (General Franco)
Sacrifice of Czechoslovakia (1938)
Munich Conference
Chamberlain’s “Scrap of Paper”
Hitler and Mussolini in 1937
Appeasement (1938)
What was the appeal of appeasement?
 The Austrian “Anschluß” (March 1938)
 The Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia
– British PM Neville Chamberlain’s shuttle
diplomacy: Munich Conference
– Belief that grievances of the Sudetan Germans
were real and that aims were limited
 Three Effects
– Whetted Hitler’s appetite and confidence
– Changed French and British public opinion
– Led to Nazi-Soviet (Non-Aggresion) Pact
(August 1939)

Neville Chamberlain, British PM
Fancisco Franco, Spanish Caudillo
Key Moments to 1943
September 1939: Germany invades Poland
 Spring 1940: Germany overruns France, touching off
“Relief of Dunkirk”
– Hitler allows some British and French troops to escape
 August-September 1940: The Battle of Britain
– Damaged myth of German invincibility
 Spring 1941: Italians hit Albania & Greece, cause delay in
German Operation Barbarossa
 June 1941: Germans invade USSR; bog down after nearly
1,000-mile advance
– “Great Patriotic War” & “The Battle of the Machines”
 December 1941: Japan attacks USA

Germany at war
War in Asia
7 December 1941: Japan bombs Pearl Harbor; Axis
powers declare war on US
 8 December 1941: US declares war on Japan and Axis
powers
 Japanese argued that it was war of liberation from
European colonialism
– Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere
 By early 1942: Japan secured much of China, South and
Southeast Asia
 After Battle of Midway (west of Hawaiian islands) from
May to June 1942: War begins to turn against Japanese
 Island Hopping: Guadalcanal, New Guinea, Tarawa, Iwo
Jima, Okinawa
 August 1945: Hiroshima & Nagasaki (vs. the invasion of
Japan)

War in the Pacific, 1941-1945
Pearl Harbor
December 7, 1941
Emperor Hirohito
Admiral Yamamoto, planner
of Pearl Harbor attack
Axis-Occupied Europe
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Within Germany, Nazis try to keep impression of
“normality”
Range of relationships to Germany & Germans
– Racial ideas enforced, somewhat selectively
– Forced labor
– Plunder
Daily life for those occupied
Resistance: The Free French & Charles de Gaulle
The example of Vichy France
– Marshal Petain
– Admiral Darland and the Milice
– Post-liberation treatment of collaborators
Joy of Victory,
Bitterness of Defeat
French Rivals
Philippe Petain
Charles de Gaulle
The Great Patriotic War in USSR
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Massive deaths, including 16-20 million civilians
Sieges of Stalingrad and Leningrad
Home defenses
“Battle of the Machines”: moving factories eastward
– Exit Moscow, Oct. 1941 = 500+ factories
dismantled & moved
– Aircraft production up 40% in ’42-’43
– 2,000 tanks per month in 1943
Bitterness toward Germans
– Commisar order
– Babi Yar
Images of Defeat
War’s End(s)
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Soviets push from the east, while British,
Americans & (some) French come from south and
west
Hitler commits suicide in Berlin, 1 May 1945
8 May 1945: War in Europe ends with allies divided
over future
War in Asia lasts into August
The Bomb: Hiroshima (6 August 1945) &
Nagasaki (9 August 1945)
– Justified or not?
Negotiating a Settlement
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
Alliance a marriage of convenience
Series of meetings, beginning in 1941 with establishment
of Atlantic Charter
– Policy of Unconditional Surrender
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Tehran, 1943; Moscow, 1944; Yalta, 1945; Potsdam, 1945
Common desire: Pacify Germany
– Set up Zones of Influence
– Reparations, partly by dismantling industrial capacity
– Soviets seized factories enthusiastically, but western
allies too.
Soviet Desire: No further invasions from the west
Cooling in relations by Potsdam, largely because of Soviet
actions in East