Download Cold War and Truman

Cold War and Truman
APUSH
McElhaney
Essay Question
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“Harry S. Truman was a realistic,
pragmatic president who skillfully led
the American people against the
menace posed by the Soviet Union.”
Assess the validity of this generalization
for President Truman's foreign policy
from 1945 to 1953.
AP Outline
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The United States and the Early Cold War
Origins of the Cold War
Truman and containment
The Cold War in Asia: China, Korea, Vietnam,
Japan
 Diplomatic strategies and policies of the
Eisenhower and Kennedy administrations
 The Red Scare and McCarthyism
 Impact of the Cold War on American society
Outline
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Containment in Europe and the Middle
East
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Truman Doctrine
Marshall Plan
Berlin crisis
NATO
Revolution in China
Limited war: Korea, MacArthur
Key Terms
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Teheran Conference
Yalta Conference
Potsdam Conference
Containment
Iron Curtain, Eastern
Bloc, Warsaw Pact
George Kennan
Truman Doctrine
Marshall Plan
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Berlin Airlift
West Germany/East Germany
National Security Act, 1947
Central Intelligence Agency
North Atlantic Treaty
Organization, 1949 (NATO)
Japan-Role in Cold War
Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi)
Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong)
NSC-68
Dean Acheson
Subversive
Origins of the Cold War
 Cold War- a term that refers to the
international rivalry between Communist
states and Capitalist states
 Mainly between United States, Great
Britain and Western European countries
Verses
 Soviet Union- Eastern European Satellite
states, Later China, Korea, Cuba,
Vietnam
Quiz
 Explain how the Foreign Policy of the
United States Government responded to
the Cold War.
 What pattern was created and cite a few
examples of each?
Presidents and the Cold War
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Truman-(1945-1953)
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Korean War peace
Guatemala
Cuban Revolution
Vietnam support
Arms Race/Space Race
U2 Incident
Shah of Iran
Vietnam escalation (Military advisors and
equipment sent)
Bay of Pigs
Cuban Missile Crisis (the closest the US
will come to Nuclear War)
Johnson (1963-1969)
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Escalates Vietnam involvement (500K
troops 1968)
Nixon (1969-1974)
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Massive Bombing of North Vietnam and
Cambodia
Negotiated Settlement of Vietnam
Visits China and begins Détente with Mao
Tse Tong
Soviet Union Detnte
Chile CIA - Pinchet
SALT treaties
ABM Treaty
– Russians invade Afghanistan
– Aides Mujhadeen fighting Russians
– Communists take over in Nicaragua
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Reagan (1981-1989)
– Focuses American in building “Star
Wars” anti-missile program and
defense spending to counter Soviets
– Causes Soviet economy to suffer– Gorbachev begins Perestroikaopens frustrations created by
Communist economy and peaceful
revolution is begun
Kennedy (1961-1963)
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Ford (1974-1977)
SALT Treaty
Carter (1977-1981)
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Eisenhower- (1953-1961)
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Containment Policy
Truman Doctrine
Marshall Plan
Berlin Airlift
NATO
Korean War
Firing of MacArthur
H-Bomb
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Bush (41) (1989-1993)
– 1991 the Soviet Union is ended and
chain reaction reverberates across
Europe (Essentially communism and
extreme socialism as an economic
system is proven ineffective)
– Nationalism takes over in formerly
communist controlled regions of
Europe
Over View of Cold War
 After WWII the US will confront
Communist expansion all over the world.
 Conflict will last 50 years and ends
peacefully with Reagan and Bush (41) in
1991, when the Soviet Union
disintegrated.
 Each President will deal with Cold War
Issues as the focus of Foreign Policy.
 Post WWII 1945-53
 Area of Conflict:
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Eastern Europe
West Germany/East Germany/Berlin
China
Korea
Vietnam
Cuba
Stalin and Roosevelt
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Roosevelt is often criticized for making bad
choices and giving in to Stalin at the Yalta
Conference.
Why is FDR criticized and is this justified?
Explain
Wartime Conferences
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FDR (and later Truman) will coordinate the effort with Allied
leaders Churchill, and later Stalin
Casablanca-1943 FDR, Churchill, agreed on war aims: Sicily
invasion, Unconditional Surrender- of Japan and Germany
Cairo-1943- FDR and Churchill, Chiang Kai-shek- discussed war
aims in Asia, Japan will lose all islands acquired, Korea
independent
Teheran-1943 The “Big Three” discussed 2nd front in Europe
(France), Postwar Germany,
Yalta-February 1945 “Big Three” Discussed the fate of Poland,
Stalin asserted need for “Buffer Zone” and sphere of influence;
Stalin promised to allow free elections; planned for the division
of Germany after the war; Stalin promised to declare war on
Japan in exchange for Japanese land/Kurile Islands; (FDR is
dying and will be criticized for being manipulated by Stalin and
“selling out” Eastern Europe to the Russians.
Potsdam- Germany, July 1945, FDR dead, Truman, Churchill
gone, new Brit- Clement Atlee, Stalin- discussed boundaries for
Germany, German resources would pay for the war,
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Casablanca 1943
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Teheran 1943
Roosevelt’s Post War World
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Wanted Russian help with fighting the Japanese
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Japan had 1 million soldiers in China
Was sympathetic to Russian suffering in two wars with
Germany
Understood that Russians had a millions of soldiers in
Eastern Europe
Wanted to create a post-war world of order and
stability
Wanted to prevent War
Expand Self determination
Wanted to support economic development-
Churchill Wanted
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Maintain the British Empire
Limit Soviet power in Europe
Stalin Wanted
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Protect the Soviet Union from Attack
Establish a buffer zone and Satellite states
friendly to Soviet interests
Weaken Germany to prevent any further wars
Tehran Conference
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Big Three discuss what to do with Germany
Stalin wanted to eliminate Germany as a threat
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To partition Germany-
Churchill wanted to use Germany to counter the
RussiansRoosevelt was more lenient to the needs of
Stalin
Stalin promised to help fight Japan- after
Germany surrendered
Teheran Economic Development
Plans
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International Monetary Fund
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Fund used to stabilize currency
International Bank for Reconstruction- later
known as the World Bank
Plan to lend money to countries
 Help revive trade
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Yalta Conference Feb 1945
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Roosevelt is about to die
Soviets were marching into Germany
Red Army was occupying most of Eastern Europe
Further planned for Post War Europe
Russians establish communist governments wherever
they had control
Poland example- Lublin Government- basically
ignored the Polish Government in exile in London
Churchill and Roosevelt wanted free elections
Stalin Agreed at Yalta
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To Declare war on Japan after Germany
surrendered within 2-3 months
Partition of Germany into 4 Zones- Russian,
US, British, and French
In Exchange for
Influence in Manchuria
Return of land lost in Russo-Japanese War
(1904)
Why does Roosevelt give in to Stalin’s Post War plans?
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Germany had invaded Russia twice, killed millions of RussiansRoosevelt was sympathetic to Stalin’s idea of Sphere of
Influence/Buffer States
Roosevelt wanted help from Russians with the Fight against
Japan (Russia didn’t declare war on Japan until 2 days before war
was over)
Buffer Zone will later turn into the Communist Block or
Warsaw Pact- The instillation of communist controlled
governments along the Western border of Russia:
East Germany, Poland, Baltic States, Yugoslavia, Romania,
Bulgaria…
Later known as the Iron Curtain phrase was coined by
Churchill at
Stalin broke promises
“We can’t do business with Stalin. He has broken everyone of
the promises he made at Yalta.” FDR
Trends in American Cold War
Foreign Policy
 American government will confront communism
were ever it attempts to spread using:
 Covert Action: CIA- influence elections
 Money: Marshall Plan, later loans and economic
aid
 Military: Equipment, supplies, training, and direct
military involvement
 Greece, Turkey, Guatemala, South Korea,
 American government will support countries,
governments, dictators, and even drug dealers,
in an effort to stop the spread of communism.
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http://users
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ostww2.htm
Potsdam Conference July 1945
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Big 3 at Potsdam Truman, Churchill, Stalin met in
a suburb of Berlin for the Potsdam Conference July
17-Aug. 2
Settled the German reparation question- Soviets
would get assets in the East
Nazi leaders to be tried as war criminals at
Nuremberg
Korea to be divided
Truman found out “Trinity” test of A-Bomb worked,
causes a tougher line with the Russians
Iron Curtain Speech March 5th, 1946
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The Iron Curtain speech, perhaps more commonly known as
the Sinews of Peace address, was delivered by British Prime
Minister Winston Churchill on at Westminster College, Fulton,
Missouri.
In this speech, Churchill talked about how wrong it was that the
Russians were occupying European countries.
He spoke of all the terrible things that were going on within
these countries, and of the threats and dangers of Communism.
Churchill also described an "Iron Curtain" which prevented all
communication and connection between the Soviets and Europe
and which hung around many European countries.
“From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an
iron curtain has descended across the Continent."
How does the use of the atomic
bomb on Japan fit into the Cold War?
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The use of the Bomb makes Stalin want speed
up research and espionage on a Russian Bomb.
Some believe that the decision to drop the
bomb was in part a message to Stalin that the
US was capable and prepared to use it against
Russia if war broke out again.
Containment in Europe and the
Middle East
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George F. Kennan- American diplomat in
Moscow, expert on Russian history
8000 word telegram- advice on how US should
deal with Soviet Union and Communism spread
Stated the Soviet Union was paranoid of Western
attack
Suggested Containment strategy- prevent the
spread of communism
Communism in Europe would eventually die out!
Truman and subsequent presidents adopt this
view.
Truman Doctrine 1947
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Secretary of State- Dean Acheson (Strong AntiCommunist) suggests to Truman, if Greece falls to
communism- Turkey and other countries will fall…
Truman articulates American Policy in speech to joint
session of Congress
Prompted by Communist actions in Greece (Civil War)
and Turkey
US policy will aid all countries in the world that are
suffering from communist subversion
Primarily economic aid (Marshall Plan) but will also
include military equipment and training
Congress will appropriate $400 million
Policy will be replicated by subsequent presidents
“Truman Doctrine”
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“I believe that it must be the Policy of the
United States to support free peoples who are
resisting attempted subjugation by armed
minorities or by outside pressure.”
Marshall Plan 1947
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George Marshall, Secretary of State for Truman
Former Chief of Staff for the Army- coordinated the
American strategy WWII
Feared further communist popularity in post-war Europe
(Socialist movements were gaining power France, Italy, due
to- severe destruction, economic declines brought by the
war- In bad economic circumstances Communism sounds
like a good idea)
Proposes a plan to offer Massive Economic Aid to
European countries to help rebuild economies and prevent
attractiveness of communism ($13 Billion in 3yrs)
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Complemented Truman Doctrine
Berlin Crisis 1948-49
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Part of the settlement at Potsdam
Germany was to be partitioned 4 administrative areas
Berlin also
When the US, France, and Britain prepared unite the
Western portion of Germany and the Western portion
of BerlinRussians try to force Western powers out of Berlin
preventing access to the Western portion of the city
(Blockade)
Truman responds with Berlin Airlift supplying Berlin
by air, 13,000 tons of supplies per day, airlift lasts 300
days
West GermanyFederal Republic of Germany (pro USA)
East Germany- German
Democratic Republic (GDR)
NATO 1949
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Cold War defensive alliance between countries in
Europe-and the United States
Europeans invited the United States to take an active
role in European defense
“An armed attack against one or more of them in
Europe or North America… an attack against all”
In Asia- SEATO- South East Asia Treaty Organization
NATO
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April 4, 1949 as an international organization for the political and
military defense of the US and Canada and the European states
of Belgium, Denmark, France (which ceased to be a member of
the military structure of the organization in 1966), Great Britain,
Iceland, Italy, Luxemburg, the Netherlands, Norway, and
Portugal.
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An important goal of NATO for more than forty years
has been defense against the expansionist ambitions of
Communism, and particularly defense against the USSR
and the Warsaw Pact — until their dissolution in 1991.
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Countries entering later are Greece and Turkey (1952), the
Federal Republic of Germany (1955), Spain (1982), Hungary,
Poland and Czechoslovakia (1999).
NATO Map
Soviet Block
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Soviets create an alliance- Communist Block or
Warsaw Pact countries- defensive alliance
dominated by Soviets1955 by Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East
Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the
Soviet Union.
The organization was the Soviet bloc's
equivalent of the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization.
American Cold War Bureaucracy
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Under Truman the apparatus for national security expands
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National Security Act- 1947:
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Established Air Force as separate military body
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Strategic Air Command-the round-the-clock surveillance and bombing
preparation
Department of Defense
National Security Council- to coordinate between State and
Defense departments
Established the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)- will engage
in intelligence gathering, then covert operations to subvert procommunist governments- used $, murder, propaganda to
influence domestic politics in foreign countries (Italy, Greece,
Albania, Guatemala,
Truman and Israel
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1948- Truman officially recognizes the existence
and legitimacy of Israel
Part of Cold War- US wanted influence in
Middle East
NSC- 68 Report
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Truman orders a study of
National Security after
Russians detonate A-Bomb
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Study Recommendations
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Results of the study lead to
increased military
preparedness and fear of
the International
Communism
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Intensify intelligence
Operations
US should encourage unrest in
Soviet Satellite countries
Increase research and
development of military
capabilities
Increase military preparedness
Create a standing armyincrease military levels
Increase military budget
Revolution in China
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Nationalist-Capitalist
Chiang Kai Shek
Supported by Truman
Corrupt-limited support from
Chinese people
Lose to communists-even with US
help
Evacuate to Formosa or modern
Taiwan and set up the Republic of
China
Taiwan will remain US ally and US
will protect its independence
through today
Significance: Early victory for
communists will foster a hard-line
reaction from American
Administration
Asia will become a battleground
for the Cold War
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Communists
Mao Tse Tung
Supported by Soviet Union
Opposition group to Chiang
Fights for dominance in
China
Very popular with Chinese
Defeats Chiang’s forces
Will become a strong
advocate for the expansion
of communism in Asia
Will later support the North
Koreans, North Vietnamese
Mao leads the communists
till he dies in the 1970’s
Truman and China
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Truman was criticized for not meeting the
communist challenge in China
However, the US would have had to send troops
and massive aid to Chiang in order to delay the
inevitable. Chiang had no chance of winning
the Civil War- Mao was too popular.
Truman and Eisenhower vow to protect
Republic of China on the island of Taiwan
(Formosa)