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US during WWII Reverse Lecture… • PARTICIPATE! – Earn Points after every response: • 4pts: The student response provides an insightful accurate analysis of the event(s) and cites convincing historical evidence to support the analysis, shows full comprehension of complex ideas expressed – INSIGHTFUL (Difficult to obtain) • 3pts: The student response provides a mostly accurate analysis of the event(s) and cites convincing historical evidence to support the analysis, shows a comprehension of complex ideas expressed • 2pts: The student response provides a generally accurate analysis of the event(s) and cites convincing historical evidence to support the analysis, shows basic comprehension of complex ideas expressed • 1pts: The student response provides a minimally accurate analysis of the event(s) and cites convincing historical evidence to support the analysis, shows limited comprehension of complex ideas expressed • 0pts: Inaccurate & Off base Mobilizing the Home Front • • • • • • Selective Training and Service Act (1940) War Production Board (1942) War Labor Board Office of Price Administration (1943) Office of War Information Fair Employment Practices Committee (1941) Selective Training and Service Act • First peacetime draft in American History • Registered men between ages 21 to 35; however expanded to 18 to 45 • 2/3 of soldiers (approx. 16 mil) served in WWII were draftees (including 300,000 women) • Planned to train more than 2 million troops & reserves War Production Board • Responsible for allocation of scarce raw materials • ½ of factory production went into war materials • Rubber & Steel • ½ of factory production went into war materials • By 1943- US producing twice as many goods as Enemy countries combined Office of Price Administration • Established rent ceilings and maximum prices on commodities • Froze prices and rents at March 1942 levels • Ration Program – Tires, Gasoline, Shoes, Sugar, Meats, Butter,Oils, Fats… • Coupon Plans & Certificate (Application) Plans • WWII cost of living increased 29% (During WWI- 170%) • Due to rationing, many families grew “victory gardens” in backyards National War Labor Board • Controlled wages, set hours, monitored working conditions, and mediated labor disputes • “No Strike Pledge” in contracts • Smith-Connolly Antistrike Act (1943) Authorized govt to seize mines idled by strike during wartime Office of War Information • Issued propaganda to ensure patriotism • Maintained morale at home and warned people about dangers of the enemy Funding for War? • Tremendous increase in taxes • National Debt increases – 1941: $49 bil. – 1945: $259 bil. • War bonds & propaganda used Effect on Economy? U.S. Personal Savings in Billions $40.0 $30.0 $20.0 $10.0 $0.0 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 Years Unemployment Rate 1939: 17% & 1944: less than 2% Treatment of Minorities during the War • African Americans – Philip Randolph & March on Washington • Women – Rosie the Riveter • Mexican Americans • Japanese Americans • • • • • Fair Employment Practices Committee Massive migration of African Americans to industrial centers Riots took place due to racial tensions (ex: Detroit Race Riots in June 1943) A. Philip Randolph’s – father of Civil Rights – three demands: • Equal access to defense jobs • Desegregation of armed forces • End to segregation in federal agencies – proposes March on Washington in 1941 FDR establishes Executive Order 8802 in June 1941 to establish Fair Employment Practices Committee – prohibiting discrimination based on race, origin, color, etc. in defense-industries or federal govt. job Growth of NAACP – From 50,000 to 500,000 by end of WWII Philip Randolph Women during WWII More than 5 mil. Women joined labor force during WWII Women’s pay less than 2/3 of man’s in same industry as of 1945 Mexican Americans • Bracero Program created to increase farm production – Short term work permits issued to Mexicans • Zoot Suit Riots in LA • Discrimination occurred due to scarce housing in CA Japanese Americans • 110,000 put into Japanese Internment Camps aka “America’s Concentration Camps” – • • • 10 Locations in 7 states Executive Order 9066 (Feb 1942) Nisei (American born) vs Issei (Foreign born) – • Over 18,000 Nisei fought in US army Korematsu vs US- upholds internment camps – • Given 48 hours to dispose of their belongs (received only 5% of their possessions’ worth) military decisions are supreme & persons couldn’t be held once loyalty is established Camps closed in March 1946 Japanese America Major Battles in Europe • Turning Points: Battle of Stalingrad (Summer 1942 to January 1943) • & El Alamein (Nov. 1943)- end of Nazi presence in North Africa (Ike)- Operation Torch • Invasion of Italy & March into Rome (Summer 1943 & June 1944)Fall of Mussolini (Patton) • D-Day (June 1944)- Established second front & eventually regained France (Ike)- Operation Overlord • Battle of the Bulge ( December 1944)- last major German offensive (Patton) • Attack on Berlin (April 1945)- Hitler eventually commits suicide on April 30 (YEAH!) • V-E Day on May 7, 1945 D-Day Major Battles in Pacific • Bataan Death March- US Lost Philippines (Spring 1942) • Doolittle Raid- payback for Pearl Harbor • Turning Point: Battle of Midway (June 1942)- Ended threat to Hawaii & Midway Islands; US on offensive • Strategy Used after 1943- Island hopping • Battle of Leyte Golf (Oct 1944)- US eventually regains control of Philippines • Raid on Japan- destruction of most major cities – March 1945: 100,000 die in a single Tokyo raid – Made possible after Battle of Iwo Jima (Feb. 1945) • Battle of Okinawa (Spring 1945)- Japan uses kamikaze, lots of bloodshed (50,000 American Casualties) • Bombing of Hiroshima & Nagasaki (August 1945) • V-J Day: September 2, 1945 Attack of the Kamikaze Manhattan Project • Started in 1939 by Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) • Cost over 2 billion in research • More than 600,000 Americans involved in creating the Bomb Manhattan Project • 1939- Einstein wrote FDR letter from Germany – Warned FDR about advanced German scientists’ military research – Confirmed the possibility of building such a destructive weapon • 1942-General Leslie Groves & Enrico Fermi concentrate on Manhattan Project • Robert Oppenheimer directed Los Alamos, New Mexico to build first atomic bomb 1945 Manhattan Project -Yalta Conference (Feb. 4-11, 1945) -SU promised to enter War in Pacific 3 months after Germany’s surrender -Free elections in Eastern Europe & USSR keeps pre 1939 territory -Germany divided into 4 occupational zones -Post WWII Goals • July 16- First successful test in NM (Bomb referred to as “Trinity”) • July 17- August 2: Potsdam Conference… – Post WWII Treatment (Set stage for Nuremberg Trials) – SU starts to go back on agreements made in past Conferences (SU expansion plans are openly discussed) • July 26- Truman promised “prompt and utter destruction” if Japan didn’t surrender • August 6- Bombing of Hiroshima • August 9- Bombing of Nagasaki • August 14- Emperor Hirohito surrenders • September 2- V-J Day- formal surrender signed abroad USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay • SHOULD THE U.S. USED THE ATOMIC BOMB? Bombing of Hiroshima • • • • Occurred on August 6th, 1945 Dropped by B-29 Bomber, Enola Gay Destroyed approximately 4 square miles Killed approximately 70,000 to 90,000 instantaneously & approx. 100,000 injured “Little Boy” Made up of Uranium Weight 9000 lbs & 28 inch diameter & 120 inch long Bombing of Hiroshima After bombing Hiroshima Bombing of Nagasaki • Occurred on Aug 9th, 1945 • Killed approximately 40 to 60,000 people “Fat Boy” -Plutonium -10,000 lbs & 60 inch diameter & 128 inch long Bombing of Nagasaki Hiroshima… Aftermath at Hiroshima Aftermath… • War Costs – US Debt 1940 - $9 Billion – US Debt 1945 - $98 Billion • WWII cost $330 billion – 10 times the cost of WWI & equivalent to all previous federal spending since 1776 Aftermath of WWII • 46 to 55 million dead & 35 mil wounded & 3 mil missing – About 30 mil soldiers died – Approx. 300,000 of which were Americans – 23 mil SU died • • • 30 mil Europeans lost their homeland Massive destruction of cities Discovery of the Holocaust – Approx. 8 to 11 mil exterminated including 6 mil. Jews exterminated • • • • • • Atomic Age (Massive build up of nuclear bombs & energy) What to do with Eastern Europe? US vs SU for World Power? Cold War from 1946 to 1992 Growth of Nationalism in underdeveloped areas (ex: Indochina) Sunbelt region emerged as a result of the War (Power begins to shift from NE to SW & W) Start of Civil Rights for African Americans? American Combat Deaths by War (Killed in action or death by wounds) World War II 291,557 American Civil War 212,938 World War I 53,402 Vietnam 47,355 Korean War 33,746 American Revolutionary War 8,000 War on terror* 4,977 War of 1812 2,260 Mexican American War 1,733 http://necrometrics.com/warsusa.htm • Anything else that is important about WWII that wasn’t discussed? Hey Jordan Riddick… Will you go to the prom with me? -Saskia I want you to wear this! Today’s Zoot Suit fashion?