Download World War Looms - s3.amazonaws.com

http://www.time.com/time/time100/leaders/profile/hitler.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideki_Tojo
World War Looms
Chapter 16
Section 1:
Section 2:
Section 3:
Section 4:
Dictators Threaten World Peace
War in Europe
The Holocaust (Covered in Chapter 17)
America Moves Toward War
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini
Joseph Stalin
and the Soviet Union
• Bolshevik Revolution in Nov. 1917
• Civil War in Russia
• Communist Soviet Union established in 1922 by
V. I. Lenin
• Joseph Stalin takes power after Lenin’s death
and power struggle in 1924
• Stalin = “ Man of Steel”
• Agriculture and Industry Prime Economic Goals
in Stalin’s series of 5 Year Plans
Stalin Transforms Soviet Union
• USSR changes from backward rural
country to industrial power
• Abolished all private property and set up
collective farms (large government farms
worked by hundreds of families)
• All industrial activity directed by the
government
• By 1937, Soviet Union was world’s second
largest industrial power
Stalin’s Reign of Terror
• Stalin carried out purges against anyone who
threatened his power.
• Very paranoid and even loyal supporters were not
safe
• Estimated 8 to 13 million deaths carried out
• Millions die in famines because of failure of
agriculture due to restructuring of society
• Totalitarian Dictatorship – government that exerts
total power or control over its citizens
– Lack of individual rights
– Government suppresses opposition
– Many sent to Siberia to prison work camps
Fascism
• Emerges in Italy and Germany in the
1920s
• What is Fascism?
View the Rise of Fascism and Militarism @ http://www.hippocampus.org/US%20History%20II
What is Fascism?
• Theory of Government used to describe the governments of
Italy, Germany, and Spain.
• Appeared 1st in Italy
• Practiced best in Germany
• Definition:
–
–
–
–
–
–
A righteous authoritarian police state
Characterized by extreme nationalism
And complete government control of the economy
Places the wellbeing of the state above the welfare of the individual
Not founded on any ideology except that of the leader
Generally has negative overtones
•
•
•
•
•
•
Anti-Monarchist (King or Queen)
Anti-Clerical (Church)
Anti-Socialist
Anti-Communist
Anti-Democratic
Etc.
Fascism in Italy
• Why was Italy ripe for a fascist takeover?
• Didn’t feel victorious after WWI and didn’t feel
they received the promised payoff
• Conditions in Italy were bad after the war
– Food shortages, rising prices, unemployment,
business failures
– Strikes over social and land reform
– “Red Scare”
• How does this compare to the U.S. after WWI?
Benito Mussolini
• Low class family, son of a
blacksmith, victim of child abuse
• Bully
• Teacher, Political Journalist, Editor
• Extreme Nationalist
• Joins Army in WWI, but wounded in
training
• Had many mistresses
• Great Orator (Like Hitler)
• Nickname: IL Duce (the leader)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini
Mussolini & the Fascist Party
• 1919 Mussolini and his followers organize the
fascist party
• Consisted of World War I Veterans
• Veterans dissatisfied with the Italian
Government
• Rose out of the Trenches of WWI
– Similar to the Nazi Party
• Mussolini
– Appealed to Nationalism and Patriotism of Italians
– Promised a Better Italy
– Took advantage of hard times in Italy (like Hitler)
Mussolini Supporters
1. Business Owners,
Government Officials,
Landowners
Fear the spread of communism,
wanted strong gov’t to end strikes
& curb working class political
powers
2. Army Officers /
Nationalist
Restoring glory and military strength
of ancient Rome
3. War Veterans
Failure of current gov’t to help them,
like military discipline and
organization of the party
4. Middle Class, University
Students, Shopkeepers,
Professionals
Fear of growing socialist party and
see labor unions and socialism as
a threat to private property
March on Rome
• By 1922 the Fascist Party is very successful in many
major Italian cities and has over 300,000 members
• Oct. 1922 he plans the March on Rome to make a bid for
national power
• Mussolini only observes the thousands who march to
demand he be made Prime Minister of Italy
• Parliament asks the King to call in the Army
• Why won’t the King call in the Army?
• Because of fear the Army will join the march
• Key government officials, the army, and the police side
with the fascist and demand that Mussolini be appointed
Prime Minister
– Italy a Constitutional Monarchy (What does that mean?)
• King agrees and Mussolini appears in Rome to be
appointed Prime Minister of Italy
New Government for Germany
• The defeat of Germany in WWI had left
Germany in a state of unrest and
confusion
• Many blame the Weimar Republic
– Government established after the abdication
of Kaiser Wilhelm II
– Signed the Armistice Nov. 11, 1918
• Feb. 1919 a Republican Constitution is
adopted
Weimar Republic
Federal State with 4 Levels of Government
Separation of Powers
1.
Reichstag (Lower House) *Most Important Body
a.
b.
c.
d.
2.
3.
Reichstrat (Upper House)
President – Ceremonial King
a.
b.
4.
4 year term
Direct Elections
Proportional Representation
Universal Suffrage
7 year term
Direct Election
Chancellor – More important leader
a.
b.
c.
Appointed by Reichstag
Works with Reichstag
Head of the Government
Weimar Republic Unpopular
• Lack of experience with Democracy
• Associate Weimar Republic with
– harshness of Treaty of Versailles
– Defeat in World War I
• Government known as “November Criminals”
• Militarists and Nationalist spread rumor that
Germany had not been defeated in WWI so
the people would reject the treaty and rebuild
its army in order to restore Germany’s
powerful position in the world
See terms of Treaty at http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWversailles.htm
Adolf Hitler
http://www.time.com/time/time100/leaders/profile/hitler.html
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Born in 1889 in Braunau, Austria, near the German border
Non-Graduate
Rejected by Art School
Lives off of inheritance and odd jobs painting and selling postcards in
Vienna
Avoids Austrian Draft / Joins German Army in WWI
Messenger on the front lines (very dangerous)
Wounded and decorated with “Iron Cross”
In hospital at end of WWI and doesn’t understand why Germany lost
Very bitter about end of war
See full Biography at http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERhitler.htm
Hitler Gets a New Job
• After the war Hitler is assigned to
investigate all new political parties
• Attends the National Socialist German
Workers Party (NSDAP)
• Joins and within a short time takes control
of the Nazi Party (short for NSDAP)
• Great Speaker and Organizer
Beer Hall Putsch
• Nazi Party attempts to overthrow the
Bavarian Government (Largest German
State)
• Hitler is arrested
• Sentenced to 5 years in jail of which he
only serves 9 months
• Writes his famous book Mein Kampf while
in jail
Mein Kampf
“My Struggle”
• Hitler discusses his views and ambitions for
Germany
– Lebensraum “Living Space”
• Expansion and territorial advancement
• Living Space for the German People including resources and
food
– Racial superiority of the German People
• Germans as the Master Race descended from the Aryan People
• Jews, Slavs, and other peoples were inferior and would weaken
Germany
• Hitler used the Anti-Semitic feelings that already existed in
Europe and used it to blame the Jews for all the national
problems in Germany
– Defeat in WWI
– High Unemployment
– Spread of Communism
– Economic Reform
Dead Period for Nazis
• 1923-1929 was a dead period for the Nazi Party
• Weimar Republic rebounds from economic
issues by 1923
– Steep inflation
– Inability to pay reparations
• Dawes Plan very helpful
– War Debt Triangle
• Germany admitted to the League of Nations
• Fulfillment of Treaty of Versailles Terms
Great Depression Has Global Impact
• Economic hard times allowed the Nazi
Party to regain strength
• U.S. cuts loans to other counties, including
Germany
• Weimar Government struggles
• By 1932 the Nazi Party is the strongest
party in Germany, however it does not
have a majority in the Reichstag
Hitler Named Chancellor
• Jan. 1933, Hitler is appointed Chancellor
of Germany
• Influence of Industrialists, Landowners,
Bankers, and Politicians who thought they
could control Hitler once he was in power
– They were WRONG!!!!!!!!
• Hitler had learned his lesson after the
disaster of the Beer Hall Putsch and had
gone after power through legal means.
Hitler Takes Total Power
• Calls for elections to the Reichstag for March in
an attempt to gain the majority of seats in the
Reichstag
• Feb. 1933 the Reichstag building is burned (One
week before election)
• Who is blamed?
– Communist
• Who is arrested?
– Dutch Jew
• What impact does this have?
– Limits Freedom of Speech and the Press
– Outlaws the Communist Party
Enabling Act Passed
• After election the Reichstag passed the
Enabling Act
• Gives Hitler the power of a dictator
• Germany becomes a Totalitarian State
• Hitler proclaims the Third Reich = Third
Great German Empire
• Hitler – “De Führer” = “The Leader”
Hitler is a Dictator
•
•
•
•
•
Banned all Political Parties except the Nazi Party
Dissolved the Trade Unions
Set up courts for secret trials
Took control of the Army
Set up Concentration Camps for real or
imagined enemies of the state
–
–
–
–
–
Communist
Homosexuals
Jews
Gypsies
Others
Night of the Long Knives
• June 30, 1934
• Purge of the SA (Brown Shirts or Stormtroopers )
Sturmabteilung
– Hitler’s party enforcers
– Had wanted to take control of the Army and had used
rough tactics with the Army and business leaders
• 1,000 Officers are arrested and many executed
including Hitler friend Orst Rohm the leader of the
SA
• Carried out by the SS – Schutzstaffel
(Protective Squad) and the Gestapo (Secret
Police)
Life in Germany Improves
• Life in Germany improves under the Nazi
Party for some
– Unemployment nearly vanishes by 1938
– Raised workers standard of living
– Brought prosperity to German citizens and
gained loyalty of German people
• Aided business
• Public Works Programs
– Autobahns System
• Secretly building up armaments on a large scale
Hitler Uses Propaganda to Influence
and Control German Population
• Uses all media to spout Nazi Doctrine
– Radio, Newspapers, Magazines, Films, Books,
Art and Schools
• Hitler Youth Group
• Burns books that praise Democracy,
denounced war, or were by Jewish authors,
etc.
• History is rewritten according to Nazi views
• Science books describe superiority of Aryans
• Use Swastika for the Nazi Symbol
Joseph Goebbels
• Joseph Goebbels –
Propaganda Minister
– “It’s easier to tell a big
lie than a small lie and
have it believed.”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels
View biography @ http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/goebbels.html
View Propaganda Video
http://www.5min.com/Video/The-Power-of-Nazi-Propaganda-516898182
Hitler’s Power Over People
• Hitler Promised
– Full Employment
– A Better Economy
– A Powerful Position in the World
• Over and over Hitler repeated what the people
wanted to hear and believe.
• Gave the German people an enemy to hate, a
cause to fight for, and a leader to obey
• He played on the emotions of the people with his
speeches and used violence to impress them
with the power of the party
Spain
• Constitutional Monarchy was under attack by many
groups within the country since 1898
• Spain remains neutral during WWI
• Develops an industrial working class
• Workers demand independence and start
widespread strike
• 100s are killed and wounded
• 1923,the King feared a revolution and allowed a
military dictatorship to take control
– Dismissed the Parliament
– Suppressed Freedom of Speech
– Censored the Press
New Republic Created
• By 1930 the military dictator resigns
• King restores Constitution and elections
are held
• Supporters of Republic win and demand
King abdicates
• New Republic declared
New Republic Pass New Laws
• 1. Limited the power and privileges of the
Catholic Church
– Take over its property
– Closed church schools
– Permitted divorce
• 2. Limited the Army by cutting back on the
number of officers
• 3. Limited the landowners by confiscating large
estates and giving the land to needy peasants
• 4. Gave workers an 8 hour work day and social
insurance
Groups React
• Reforms caused opposition from the
groups they were targeting
– Army
– Landowners
– Catholic Church
• Formed a fascist type party known as the
Falange (Fuh-lanj)
– A Conservative Party
Falange Win 1933 Election
• Repeal Republic Reforms
• Strikes break out among workers
• New Party is formed from all Anti-Fascist
groups
• “Popular Front”
– Liberals
– Socialist
– Communists
– Radical Labor Groups
• Popular Front Wins 1936 Election
Civil War Breaks Out in Spain
• Francisco Franco –
Head of fascist party
• Civil War lasts 3 years
• Hundreds of
thousands were killed
or wounded
• Many atrocities were
committed by both
sides
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/2WWfranco.htm
Picasso’s Guernica
•
“‘Guernica’ was Picasso’s statement on the Spanish civil war when Generalissimo
Franco’s army fought bloody battles to wrest control of Spain from the Republican
forces. One day in April of 1937, at Guernica in rebellious Northern Spain, hundreds,
some say thousands of people were killed when Franco ordered history’s first aerial
bombardment of a civilian target.”
http://icue.nbcunifiles.com/icue/files/icue/site/pdf/1061.pdf
Dress Rehearsal for WWII
• Many foreign nations participated in the
Spanish Civil War
• Germany and Italy aided the Falange
– Further the cause of Fascism
– Test new equipment
– Train troops
• Soviet Union aid Popular Front
• U.S., Britain, France aide the Popular
Front with thousands of volunteers
(International Brigade)
China and Japan
• Japan – has a small area with large mass of
population
• China – has a large area with a large population
http://www.lonelyplanet.com/maps/asia/
China
• Very backward country
• Ruled by Monarchy until early 1900’s
• War to overthrow the Monarchy
– Loyalist
– National Democratic Party
• Leader – Sun Yat Sen
Nationalist Seek Help
• Sun-Yat-Sen asked for support from the
Allies from World War I
• Only the Soviet Union was willing to help
• Kuomintang – Army developed by SunYat-Sen
• Kuomintang allowed communist members
in order to receive political and military
help from Soviet Union
Chiang Kai Shek Comes to Power
• Sun-Yat-Sen dies in
1925 and his hand
picked successor,
Chiang Kai Shek
takes over the
Nationalist
• Nationalist defeat
the Loyalist
•Leader of Communist – Mao ZeDong
Long March
• Chiang Kai Shek carries out a
purge against the Communist
within the Kuomintang
• Many Communist are killed or
driven into hiding
• Long March – For 1 year
communist fled Nationalist
forces, traveling deep into
China over 6,000 miles over
mountains and through great
rivers. Started with 100,000
people and ended with 8,000.
Japan
• Japan in trouble as a
nation in the early
1900’s because
– There are more people
than food
– There is not enough
area to live and grow
food
– They lack natural
resources to continue to
industrialize
– They must expand to
survive
– Ripe for a militaristic
takeover
http://www.lonelyplanet.com/maps/asia/japan/
Militarists Gain Control in Japan
• 1931 Japanese Officers stationed in
Manchurian Province of China stage
an explosion on a railway line
• Japanese use incident to attack the
Chinese and takeover Manchuria
• Japanese want rich coal and iron ore
deposits
• Establish “puppet state” known as
Manchukuo
• Put former Chinese Emperor in
power as a puppet of the Japanese
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchukuo
The League of Nations Does Nothing
• The League took no real action to China’s
appeal after investigation
• The U.S. issues a warning, but takes no
action
• Japan withdraws from the League
• European leaders take notice
A Neutral America
• Isolationist attitude – let Europe solve its own problems, stay
out of foreign entanglements
• Nye Hearings
– Chairman Senator Nye of North Dakota (isolationist)
– Senate Munitions Investigating Committee formed in 1934 to
investigate manufacture and traffic in arms in the U.S.
– Conclusion of Committee
• U.S. entry in WWI due to pressure from bankers (they wanted Britain
and France to be strong enough to pay back loans)
• Armament makers push war for potential profit
• Poll taken in 1937 said 2/3 of U.S. citizens questioned U.S.
involvement in World War I
• Set the scene for Neutrality legislation
The Neutrality Acts
• Designed to keep the U.S. out of problems
in Europe and Asia
• Neutrality Act of 1935
– Authorized President to withhold passports to
travel in war zones
– Bans the sale of armaments to countries at
war
– Six Months test period
– Tested with the Invasion of Ethiopia by Italy
Neutrality Act of 1936
• Extends the 1st Act
• Forbade loans or credits for countries at
war
• Resolution passed in Jan. 1937 to deal
with Spanish Civil War
– Forbid export of munitions for use by either of
the opposing forces in Spain
http://www.hippocampus.org/US%20History%20II
Mussolini and Ethiopia
• Mussolini wished to expand his territory
and turned his attention to Africa
• Late 1800’s a treaty of friendship had been
signed with the ruler of Ethiopia and Italy
thought that give it a “Protectorate” over
Ethiopia
• War broke out and Ethiopians gained
independence
• 1930 Haile Selassie become leader of
Ethiopia
Mussolini Threatens Selassie
• Mussolini wanted to avenge the earlier defeat
and send troops to the border of Ethiopia
• 1935 Italian troops march into Ethiopia
• The League of Nations condemns action and
passes Economic Sanctions
– Sanctions – measures designed to inflict losses,
adopted to force compliance for a nations violation of
international law
– Ineffective because the sanctions did not include oil
or coal which Mussolini would need for his military
Mussolini’s Conquest a Success
• 1936 the conquest of Ethiopia is complete
• King of Italy declared Emperor of Italian
East Africa (Ethiopia)