Download Ch. 18

Ch. 18
WWII- Americans at War
Retaliation
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Doolittle Raid- April 18, 1942
First time to launch bombers off aircraft carrier
Didn’t accomplish much but did boost
American moral
Japan panicked
Hitler Divorces Stalin
June 22, 1941, non-aggression pact broken,
Hitler invades Soviet Union
 Many Soviet citizens welcomed the Germans
 Short lived, Germans put them in labor camps
and executed many
Pg. 605
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Stalin wanted Allies to attack in Western
Europe but was denied
 Feb 1943 Germany was stopped at Battle of
Stalingrad
 Oil Fields
 “…Completely cut off…so utter was the
exhaustion, so utter was the starvation”
 Vassili Zaytsev
Pg. 604
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Section 1- Mobilization
US needed to strengthen forces
 Selective Training and Service Act
 Patriotism and volunteering skyrocket
Pg. 594-595
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Called GIs- “Government Issue”
 Hard to survive
 GIs often thought of home and loved ones
 “What I’d give for a piece of blueberry pie”
 Fighting for their freedoms
Pg. 595
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Preparing the Economy for War
Ford Motor Co. began building bombers
 Henry Kaiser used mass production to build
Liberty ships, merchant ships to carry troops
 By 1945, military material production doubled
that of all Axis Powers combined
Pg. 596
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Section 2- Retaking Europe
America joins the war
 Focus on Europe
 North African Campaign
 Erwin Rommel “Desert Fox”
 Invasion of Italy
Pg. 601-603
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The Invasion of Western Europe
• Operation Overlord- D-Day?
• June 6, 1944
• American, French, British, Canadian, Dutch, and
Belgian troops
•bombers, paratroopers, ships, ground troops
Pg. 605-606
Interesting Wartime Facts
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Medics
Chaplains
Surrender, POW
Condoms, baggies for water invasions
Collecting during the war
Battle of the Bulge
Aug 25, 1944 Paris liberated
 Dec 1944, Battle of the Bulge in the Ardennes
 80,000 Americans killed, wounded, or captured
while Germans losses totaled 100,000
Pg. 607
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Financing the War
1941-1945 gov spent $321 billion on the war
 War bonds
 Deficit spending
 What brought the country out of the
Depression?
Pg. 597
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Daily Life on the Home Front
Shortages of consumer goods
 People saved on metal, rubber, nylon
Pg. 598
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Patriotism and high morale
 Victory Gardens
 “Use it up, wear it out, make it do or do
without” Conserve and collect”
Pg. 598-599
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War in Europe Ends
Soviets pushed towards Berlin
 April 30, 1945 Hitler commits suicide May 8,
German troops surrendered
 Americans V-E Day
 Feb 1945 Yalta Conference
 Roosevelt and Churchill criticized for giving
Stalin too much control of Europe
Pg. 608
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Section 3- The Holocaust
What is the Holocaust?
 1933 anti-Semitism
 1935 Nuremberg Laws
Pg. 609-610
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SS- Schutzstaffel and Gestapo
 Kristallnacht- Night of the Broken Glass, Nov.
9, 1938
 Thousands arrested and sent to concentration
camps; Jews, Gypsies, homeless,
homosexuals, Jehovah’s Witnesses
 Many sought to leave the
country
Pg. 610
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Murder to Genocide
Many countries shut their doors to immigration
 Many could not leave or moved to surrounding
European nations
 Einsatzgruppen- mobile killing squads
 33,000 Jews in 2 days
 Wannsee Conference “final solution to the
Jewish question”
Pg. 611
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Genocide
 Poison gas was most effective
 Death Camps; Auschwitz, Treblinka, Majdanek
 #’s tattooed on bodies
 There were few rebellions
Pg. 611-612
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Rescue and Liberation
Jan 1944 Roosevelt created War Refugee
Board to help Jews
 Allies finally saw camps, in shock
 Nuremberg Trials
“He looked like a skeleton…he just looked at me
with those eyes, and they still haunt me today”
Pg. 612-613
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Section 4- The War in the Pacific
Clark Field in the Philippines
 Bataan Death March, 1942
 76,000 Americans and Filipinos
 Over 10,000 dead
Pg. 614-615
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War at Sea
Battle of the Coral Sea
 Lexington destroyed and Yorktown damaged
st
 1 ever naval combat carried out only by aircraft
Pg. 616-617
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Allied Victories Turn the Tide
Battle of Midway
 June 4, 1942
 Japan could no longer launch offensive
operations in the Pacific
 Battle of Guadalcanal
 Jungle warfare
Pg. 617-618
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Island Hopping
What was it? What was the purpose?
 General Douglas MacArthur, William Halsey,
Chester Nimitz
 Tarawa, Marshall Islands, Marianas Turkey Shoot
1943-1944
 Kamikazes
Pg. 618
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1944, invaded Philippines
 160,000 troops, 280 warships
 Battle of Leyte Gulf
 June 1945 Allies controlled the Philippines
 80,000 Japanese were killed, 1,000
surrendered
Pg. 618
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Iwo Jima and Okinawa
Battle of Iwo Jima
 25,000 Japanese, 216 Japanese taken prisoner
 25,000 American casualties
 Battle of Okinawa
 2,000 Kamikaze attacks, banzai charges
 50,000 American casualties
Pg. 619-620
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Manhattan Project
What was it?
 New Mexico, Robert Oppenheimer
 4 choices
Pg. 620-621
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Aug 6, 1945 Enola Gay dropped “Little Boy”
on Hiroshima; 80,000 died
 3 days later Bockscar dropped “Fat Man” on
Nagasaki; 40,000 died
 Aug. 14 Japan surrendered and WWII was
over
 V-J Day
 Formal surrender signed Sept 2, 1945 on the
USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay
Pg. 621
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Section 5- Social Impact of War/
African Americans
Segregated troops
• “It made a mockery of wartime goals to fight
overseas fascism only to come back to the
same kind of discrimination and racism…”
• Double V campaign
• Congress of Racial Equality CORE
Pg. 624-625
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Mexican Americans/Native
Americans
Barrios- Spanish speaking neighborhoods
 Zoot Suit Riots
 Native Americans lost culture
 Many had to adapt, didn’t live on reservations
anymore
 Code Talkers
Pg. 626
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Japanese Americans
Most lived on the West Coast
 2/3 born in the US
 Prejudice and fear
 Internment camps
Pg. 626-627
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Four cases reached Supreme Court which ruled
that wartime relocation was constitutional
 1945 they were allowed to leave camps
 Many lost everything
 1988, Congress passed a law rewarding a taxfree payment of $20,000 to each surviving
internee and an apology
Pg. 627
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Working Women
Worked manufacturing jobs when men went to
war
 Rosie the Riveter
 1942 National War Labor Board,
equal pay
 Employers ignored this policy
 Women after the war
Pg. 628-629
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