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Chapter 18 Section 3 Victory In Europe Axis surrender in North Africa • When France surrendered in 1940, Germany placed France’s territories in Africa under control of Vichy, France • In November 1942 the {Allies planned Operation Torch. Commanded by General Dwight D. Eisenhower, the operation was a planned invasion of northern Africa} • On Nov. 8th, 65,000 Allied troops landed at Casablanca in Morocco and at Oran and Algiers in Algeria • As the soldiers established beachheads in Morocco and Algeria, Allied planes and ships cut Axis supply lines from Italy • Allied troops came in from the east and the west forcing the Axis troops into a trap. • After several battles in Tunisia, in May 1943 the Axis The Invasion of Italy • {After the victory in Africa, the Allies decided to next invade Sicily • Led by General George S. Patton the Allies won the island in less than a month} • The Italian king ordered Mussolini's arrest and signed a truce with the Allies • But the Germans came in and took Mussolini and set up a new base for him in northern Italy • Pushing their troops northward through Italy proved difficult for the allies • Small armies from more than 25 different countries joined the Allies along the way • After months of brutal warring in the mountains, the Germans occupying Italy were finally defeated • Soon after that Mussolini was captured and executed by Italian rebels General Patton Sea and Air Assaults • Meanwhile Germans U-boats in the Atlantic were taking their toll on Allied ships and supplies • This Battle of the Atlantic took a turn for the better for the Allies with the improvements of sonar equipment, which uses wound waves to detect underwater objects • {Between the sonar, faster boats and air bombs, by 1944 the Allies won the Battle of the Atlantic} • In 1943 the Allies began to focus their air strikes on German military production facilities • By 1944, the Allies had dropped hundreds of thousands of tons of explosives on German factories, supply lines and military centers Operation Overlord • U.S. Army chief of staff and Allied strategist, George C. Marshall led the planning for Operation Overlord, the Allied invasion of German-occupied France • General Eisenhower commanded the invasion • {On June 6, 1944, {led by Omar Bradley, almost 5,000 transports carrying some 150,000 men landed on the beach at Normandy.} Overhead, planes dropped more than 23,000 more troops. This is now known as D-Day} • The Allied forces had leaked false information to the Germans that they would be attacking France in Calais, so Hitler did not send any reinforcements to Normandy • After a hard earned victory in Normandy the Allied began their push eastward through France • Paris was liberated on August 25, 1944. • Another Allied force was moving north through France from the Mediterranean. Meanwhile, Soviet forces were pressing Germany from the east General Omar Bradley The Holocaust • Nothing prepared the Allies for the horrors of the {Holocaust, which was Nazi Germany’s slaughter of European Jews} • If Jews were not forced into groups and shot, they were sent to concentration camps. • These camps were designed for the specific purpose of {genocide- the deliberate annihilation of an entire race or culture} • Jewish men, women and children were brought to the camps in sealed railroad cars • They were then stripped and marched into large shower rooms were they were gassed. Their bodies were then cremated • {About 6 million Jews, about 2/3 of the Jewish population in Europe, were murdered} Continued…. • {The Nazis also killed hundreds of thousands of Gypsies, Poles, mentally disabled people, and homosexuals} • When the Allies liberated the death camps, they found thousands of emaciated survivors on the verge of death • Some non-Jewish people in Nazi occupied countries either assisted the Nazi’s or failed to prevent them from sending the Jews to the camps • Others worked heroically to save the lives of Jews. Defeating Germany • By September 1944 the Allies crossed the German border • While the Allied halted to regroup and bring in supplies, Germany launched their final counter attack • In the Battle of the Bulge, 200,000 German troops attacked the U.S. force of 80,000. • The U.S. 101st Airborne Division were completely surrounded. When asked to surrender General Anthony McAuliff offered only one word in reply: “Nuts” • But Allied generals rush in reinforcements and they were able to push the Germans back • By January 1945 it was pretty clear the German offensive had failed Battle of the Bulge - New Year's Day, snow & frost-covered Browning .30 caliber LMG, in position near Sourbrodt, Belgium, Jan 1, 1944 The Yalta Conference • Roosevelt was elected for an unprecedented fourth term with Harry S. Truman as his running mate • {In February 1945, Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met at the Yalta Conference to plan for post war peace.} • At the conference Stalin pledged to declare war on Japan after they were done in Germany • The Allied agreed to divide and occupy Germany after the war and outlined the plans for a new international peace organization The Race to Berlin • During the early months of 1945, Allied bombers continued to blast German cities • In one massive two day attack on Dresden, Allied bombers created the worst firestorm of WWII. • The civilian casualties at Dresden were estimated at between 40 and 60 thousand • In March troops crossed the Rhine River into Germany, by then the Soviets occupied much of eastern Europe • {On April 30 1945, Adolph Hitler committed suicide}. He was found in his bunker underneath the city of Berlin • Germany surrendered on May 7th D R E S D E N Before Feb. 1945 After the Bombing The German city of Rothenburg now and after it was destroyed during WWII