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WWII Major Battles, Conferences and the Atomic Bomb Explicitly Assess Information and Draw Conclusions 7 Future American Presidents Views of the World Were Formed by Their Service in World War II WW II Memorial in Washington, DC Dedicated on April 29, 2004 Women’s Army Air Corps Pilots Join the Women’s Army Corps Important Dates and Leaders •Hitler invades Poland- Sept 1, 1939 •Pearl Harbor- Dec 7, 1941 •D- Day/ Operation Overlord- June 6, 1944 •FDR’s Death- April 12, 1945 •V-E Day- May 8, 1945 •Hiroshima/ Nagasaki- Aug 6/9, 1945 •V-J Day- Aug 15, 1945 -Pacific: Nimitz, MacArthur -Europe: Dwight Eisenhower, Patton, Bernard Montgomery (Brit.) Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941 Why did Japan attack the US? -Economic Reasons - Military reasons Decoded Messages? What were the effects of the attack? USS Arizona Pearl Harbor • US Response • How successful was Japan? FDR “A Date which will live in infamy…” & Congress declares war Aircraft wreckage Arizona Memorial Where did the Allies attack first? Why? - Stalingrad ’42* - North Africa ’42 - Italy Campaign ‘43 - Normandy 6/44 What was the purpose of the Second Front? What effect did these events have on the origins of the Cold War? Allied Invasion of Italy Motivation behind Allies pushing into Northern Africa • Stalin wanted America and Britain to create a second front in France • By doing so, they would relieve the Soviet Union • FDR and Churchill disagreed because they felt they were not ready to make such a move • They pushed the Germans out of North Africa instead and paved the way for an invasion into Italy Results of The Italian Campaign • Greatly weakened the Axis Powers – Italy no longer was a strong force accompanying Germany • Cost Germany a number of resources that they were planning on sending to Russia • Gave the Allied Powers access to the Mediterranean Sea • Showed strength held by USA and British Forces Forcing Axis Forces to Surrender • Eisenhower put American troops under the control of George S. Patton Jr. • Patton pushed east while British troops moved westward from Egypt, trapping Axis forces • Rommel escaped, but his army didn’t • May 1943, German and Italian forces surrendered Invasion of Normandy Difficulties? Significance? “Soldiers, sailors and airmen of the allied expeditionary force: You are about to embark upon the great crusade toward which we have striven these many months. The eyes of the world are upon you. The hope and prayers of liberty loving people everywhere are with you…” General Dwight D. Eisenhower speaks to paratroopers before Normandy D-Day Stats • An invading army had not crossed the unpredictable, dangerous English Channel since 1688 -- and once the massive force set out, there was no turning back. The 5000-vessel armada stretched as far as the eye could see, transporting over 150,000 men and nearly 30,000 vehicles across the channel to the French beaches. Six parachute regiments -- over 13,000 men -- were flown from nine British airfields in over 800 planes. More than 300 planes dropped 13,000 bombs over coastal Normandy immediately in advance of the invasion. • War planners had projected that 5,000 tons of gasoline would be needed daily for the first 20 days after the initial assault. In one planning scenario, 3,489 long tons of soap would be required for the first four months in France. • By nightfall on June 6, more than 9,000 Allied soldiers were dead or wounded, but more than 100,000 had made it ashore, securing French coastal villages. And within weeks, supplies were being unloaded at UTAH and OMAHA beachheads at the rate of over 20,000 tons per day. • Captured Germans were sent to American prisoner of war camps at the rate of 30,000 POWs per month from D-Day until Christmas 1944. Thirty-three detention facilities were in Texas alone. “Wild Bill” Guarnere D-Day Impressive Numbers • Was the largest amphibious invasion in world history: 71,000 Americans, 61,000 British, and 21,000 Canadians (soldiers). • Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Forces was Dwight Eisenhower. • There were 9 battleships, 23 cruisers, 104 destroyers, and 71 large landing craft of various descriptions. “All war is based on deception” -Sun Tzu • Operation Bodyguard/Fortitude-distract Germans from possibility of landings in Normandy. Two decoy landings were sent out. (fictional unit; Patton). –wooden tanks etc. • Allies made Germans believe that they were invading Calais. Hitler subsequently sent his top tank division to Calais. • Deception plan was effective. The Germans were caught off guard. The Allies still had a lot of hard battling ahead of them though. Quote on leadership • “Out of every one hundred men, ten shouldn't even be there, eighty are just targets, nine are the real fighters, and we are lucky to have them, for they make the battle. Ah, but the one, one is a warrior, and he will bring the others back.” ― Heraclitus "As our boat touched sand and the ramp went down I became a visitor to hell." Pvt. Charles Neighbor, 29th Division, Omaha Beach (D-Day, 6 June 1944) "Two kinds of people are staying on this beach, the dead and those who are going to die. Now let's get the hell out of here." Colonel George Taylor, 16th Regimental Commander on Omaha Beach (D-Day, 6 June 1944) European Turning Points cont’d • Battle of the Bulge 12/44 • Battle of Berlin 5/45 • VE Day May 8, 1945 Liberation of Paris Turning Point • Allies put up stiff resistance around Bastogne, and had the advantage of superior terrain. This resulted in pushing the German time-table to the right. As a result, the Allies were able to reinforce the line using General George Patton’s Third Army and other units which combined with improvements in the weather, resulted in the German offensive failing. • “Nuts!” General Anthony Clement "Nuts" McAuliffe (July 2, 1898 – August 11, 1975) was the United States Army general who was the acting division commander of the 101st Airborne Division troops defending Bastogne, Belgium during World War II’s Battle of the Bulge. He is famous for his single-word reply of "Nuts!" in response to a German surrender ultimatum The Battle Of Stalingrad Importance of Stalingrad • If Germany won Stalingrad, it would also allow them to get the rich oil fields of Caucasus – Vital for producing machinery used by Russian army – Very important to moral of both armies • Germany would use it to enhance ‘Lebensraum’ • Russia wanted to prove Germany was not invincible Effects of Stalingrad - Turning point for both the Eastern and Western Front - German troops were stopped during their progression across Russia - Forced to retreat - Unexpected German defeat gave Soviet Union hope - Germany lost their old reputation as being invincible - Gave hope to Allied Powers Battle of the Atlantic “Longest, largest, and most complex naval battle in history” –Winston Churchill • Was the longest continuous military campaign in world war II, (1939-1945). • unrestricted submarine warfare • Was one of the most important campaigns of the war, because all other theaters depended upon it. • German U-boats v. Britain's merchant marine. • Germany sent over 1,000 U-boats to isolate UK and prevent trade. • Goal was to force UK out of the war. • It was a battle which was about the cutting off vital supplies of food, fuel and raw materials needed to continue fighting. • Britain needed imports of food, fuel and raw materials from overseas. • If Germany isolated the UK then they would be out of the war. "The only thing that ever really frightened me during the war was the U-boat peril". -Winston Churchill • The outcome of the battle was a victory for the Allies, the Germans blockade failed. • 3,500 merchant ships and 175 warships were sunk-Allies • 783 U-boats were sunk. • America provided Britain with the only tools needed for its success as Britain’s successful defense ensured that there was a base for Western Allies to launch a strategic air offense or a land invasion of the Europe mainland to defeat Germany. Holocaust Revealed • Could more have been done by the US? • What should be done to the Nazis? What was done? At Dachau concentration camp, two U.S. soldiers gaze at Jews who died on board a death train. [Photo Credit: USHMM] US soldier and liberated Jew Victory in Europe Pacific Campaign What was the game plan? Alternate Options? What effect did the Pacific Campaign have on the US? Significance of -Guam and Mariana Islands -Iwo Jima and Okinawa Islands Island Hopping • Commonly called Leapfrogging • Strategy: Attack less fortified but strategically important islands in the Pacific with the main goal of driving towards Japan • The idea was to bypass heavily fortified Japanese positions and instead concentrate the limited Allied resources on strategically important islands that were not well defended but capable of supporting the drive to the main islands of Japan. • One other goal - To defend Chinese market and the newly acquired Philippines/Guam • Blue is Allied Advance Pacific Campaign Pearl Harbor- Dec. 7, 1941 Japan Takes Islands: Macarthur (4/42) “I shall Return” Battle of the Coral Sea- May, 1942 (1st All carrier/ aircraft battle) Midway- June, 1942 (Turning Point of the Pacific) Island Hopping 8/43-11/44 Nimitz victories- Marshall, Wake- 1944 Philippines (Leyte Gulf) retaken 1944-45 Iwo Jima 3/45 and Okinawa 6/45 Invasion of Japan/ Unconditional Surrender/ “Secret Weapon”- destruction WWII Assessment • What if Japan had not bombed Pearl Harbor? • Who was the more fearsome or difficult Allied opponent – Germany or Japan? • If you were in the war, where would you rather have been? End of the War A-Bomb, Conferences and Aftermath Why were the Allies so much more successful than the Axis Powers? • Home front Production • Collaboration • Technological Advancement (Atomic Bomb) What was the significance of each? Atlantic Charter Casablanca Big Three Conferences Tehran Yalta Potsdam April 12, 1945 • Death of FDR • The first lady greeted Vice President Harry Truman, who had not yet been told the news. A calm and quiet Eleanor said, "Harry, the president is dead." He asked if there was anything he could do for her, to which she replied, "Is there anything we can do for you? For you are the one in trouble now." A-Bomb - Manhattan Project - Hiroshima 8/6/1945 - Nagasaki 8/9/1945 Manhattan Project • The special target committee for the MANHATTAN project started meeting in April 1945 – They selected the cities that they would be targeting, including Hiroshima. • The two primary leaders of the Manhattan Project were General Leslie Groves and physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer • Other scientists involved included: Enrico Fermi, Albert Einstein, and Neils Bohr. • The construction site was in Los Alamos, New Mexico. • The Manhattan Project employed over 120,000 Americans. But the people were not told exactly what they were doing so they could not ruin the project. J. Robert Oppenheimer “We knew the world would not be the same. A few people laughed, a few people cried. Most people were silent. I remembered the line from the Hindu scripture, the Bhagavad Gita; Vishnu is trying to persuade the Prince that he should do his duty and, to impress him, takes on his multiarmed form and says, 'Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds.' I suppose we all thought that, one way or another” The city of Hiroshima was the target of the world’s first atomic bomb attack at 8:16 a.m. on August 6, 1945. The cloud rose to over 60,000 feet in about ten minutes. About 30 seconds after the explosion, the Enola Gay circled in order to get a better look at what was happening. By that time, although the plane was flying at 30,000 feet, the mushroom cloud had risen above them. The city itself was completely engulfed in a thick black smoke. Hiroshima Clip • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gwkyPvl WPM0 The foreground shows the ruins of the Hiroshima Gas Company Building (800 feet from the hypocenter). In the center are the ruins of the Honkawa Elementary School. Source: United States Army - Returned Materials. Public Opinion • In a 1945 Fortune magazine article, only 5% of the people polled said that the United States should not have dropped the bomb. • 54% approved of the bomb. • 23% wanted the United States to drop more bombs on Japan before their surrender. • A specter is haunting this country--the specter of nuclear energy. As a scientist who worked on the atomic bomb, I am appalled that the public is so apathetic and so uninformed about the dangerous social consequences of our development. There is no secret of the atomic bomb. In my opinion, in two to five years other countries can also manufacture bombs, and bombs tens, hundreds, or even thousands of times more effective than those which produced such devastation at Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This country with its concentrated industrial centers is entirely vulnerable to such weapons; nor can we count on, or even expect, effective counter-measures. Unless strong action is taken within the near future toward a positive control, this country will be drawn into an armament race which will inevitably end in catastrophe for all participants. . . . It is the responsibility of the press to stimulate public discussion on this vital matter and to educate the people as rapidly as possible. Where security permits, my colleagues are eager to help with scientific information. It was our hope in developing the bomb that it would be a great force for world cooperation and peace. • -Robert R. Wilson, Los Alamos, New Mexico WWII Assessment • What factors led the US to drop the Atomic Bomb? • What were the results of this action? • Was the US justified in dropping the Atomic Bomb? • Under what conditions would a similar action be justifiable today? VJ Day Effects of WWII • US Emerges as World Power • End of US Isolation • Beginning of Cold War • UN created Nuremberg Trials “Iron Curtain” – Winston Churchill • From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an Iron Curtain has descended across the continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia, all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere.” Creation of United Nations WWII Assessment • Effectiveness of FDR as President? – Successes and Failures • Did WWII create a Lasting Peace? • In what specific ways did the Great Depression and WWII create permanent change for Americans?