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Lesson 22
WW II -- Second Battle of the Atlantic, Pt 2
Allied Strategy
• Protect existing shipping
• Build to replace shipping losses, expand fleet
• Go on the offensive against the U-boats
• Improve intelligence on U-boat operations
• Close Mid-Atlantic Gap
• Develop Hunter-Killer teams
Signals Intelligence
( SIGINT )
Enigma
Source
Enigma
Source
Enigma
Bletchley Park
Source
Alan Turing’s “Bombe”
Enigma
British intelligence received its first Enigma
machine in 1939 from Polish military
Additional machines captured by Royal Navy
• May 9, 1941: U-110 off Iceland
• October 30, 1942: U-559 in the Mediterranean
USN captured U-505, June 4, 1944
Source
Direction Finding
( ELINT )
High Frequency Direction Finding (HF/DF)
“Huff-Duff”
German subs required to report positions
Allies used information to reroute convoys
• Later used to direct Hunter- Killer task forces
Mid-Atlantic Gap
Source: The World At War
Maritime Patrol Aircraft
USAAF A-29 Hudson
RAF Liberator
Blimps
RAF Fortress
Source
Maritime Patrol Aircraft
Caught On The Surface – Robert Taylor
RAF Sunderland Flying Boat – Coastal Command vs. U-461
20 July 1943 – Bay of Biscay
Source
Airborne Detection Tools
Leigh Light
Powerful aircraft light for night attacks
Introduced June 1942
Airborne Detection Tools
Airborne Radar
Antenna Detail
RAF Coastal Command Liberator Mk III with ASV radar
Permitted location of submarines in bad weather and at night
First U-boat kill November 1941
Pioneering video documentary 1952-53
Going on the Offensive
(0 – 7:04)
Escort Carrier
Built in Kaiser shipyards on T-3 tanker hulls
USS Bogue
T-3 Tanker
Escort Carrier
Comparison With Fleet Carrier
USS Bogue
CVE-9
Laid Down: 1 Oct 41
Launched: 15 Jan 42
Commissioned: 28 Sep 42
Displacement: 7,800 tons standard; 15,700 tons full load (design)
Length: 495' 8" (151.1 m)
Beam: 111.5' (34 m)
Power plant: 2 boilers (285 psi); 1 steam turbine; 1 shaft; 8,500 shp
Speed: 16.5 knots
Armament: 2 single 5"/51 (later 5"/38) gun mounts; (1943) 8 twin 40mm/56-cal gun mounts; (1943) 27 single 20-mm/70-cal gun mounts
Aircraft: 24
Aviation facilities: 2 elevators; 1 hydraulic catapult
Crew: 890
Source
Hunter-Killer Team
Hunter Becomes the Hunted
U-118 under attack by aircraft from USS Bogue
June 12, 1943
Source
Battle of the Atlantic Won
( 1:48:30 – 1:54:10 )
Capture of U-505
June 4, 1944
Task Force 22.3
Escort carrier Guadalcanal (CVE-60)
Captain Dan Gallery
Commander
Five destroyer escorts:
Pillsbury (DE-133) Pope (DE-134), Flaherty (DE-135), Chatelain (DE-149), Jenks (DE-665)
Capture of U-505
( 18:12 – 25:27 )
Capture of U-505
June 4, 1944
Boarding Party Arrives from USS Pillsbury
Capture of U-505
First USN combat prize since War of 1812
Capture of U-505
USS Guadalcanal towing U-505
Players in U-505 Capture
Captain Daniel V. Gallery
LT(jg) Albert L. David
Players in U-505 Capture
Captain Daniel V. Gallery
• Commander, Task Group 22.3
• Set his sights on capturing a U-boat
• After capture, Navy did not know what
to do with him
• Decorate him
• Court martial him
• Eventually promoted him to rear admiral
Why?
Players in U-505 Capture
LT(jg) Albert L. David
• Asst. Engineering Officer on USS Pillsbury
• Led boarding party to U-505
• Remained inside sub despite threat of scuttling
charges & open sea valves
• Awarded Medal of Honor
• Only MOH awarded for Battle of Atlantic
May 1943: The Turning Point
“What is now decisive is that enemy aircraft have
been equipped with a new location apparatus …
which enables them to detect submarines and
attack them in low cloud, bad visibility, or at nights.
Much the largest number of submarines now being
sunk are being sunk by aircraft. … These losses are
too high. We must now husband our resources
because, to do anything else, would simply be to
play the enemy’s game”
Admiral Dönitz to Hitler, May 1943
U-boat Losses By Month
U-boat.net
Ship Losses 1940 - 1945
Ships Lost vs. Built
1939-1945
Source
US Shipbuilding
Ships Built by US Maritime Commission
1939-1947
Source
5,500+ ships
US Maritime Commission
Losses
Museum of Science & Industry, Chicago
Victory in the Atlantic
( 25:26 - 26:29)
"The Battle of the Atlantic was the dominating
factor all through the war. Never for one
moment could we forget that everything
happening elsewhere, on land, at sea, in the air,
depended ultimately on its outcome.”
Winston S. Churchill,
The Second World War, Volume V, Closing the Ring
1951
The Second Battle of the Atlantic
“The German people do not understand the sea”
Attributed to Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz (1849-1930)
Lesson 24
WW II: America Enters the War
Lesson Objectives
• Understand the Japanese and American strategies for
the war in the Pacific and Asia.
• Analyze the impact of the military revolution during
the interwar years on the war in the Pacific theater.
• Become familiar with the timeline of events in the
Pacific war.
• Understand the significance of the Battle of Midway
and the role of signals intelligence in the outcome.