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World War II BEGINS Munich Conference • Representatives from England, France, Germany, and Italy met in Munich, Germany to avoid war • Britain and France followed appeasement, so they let Hitler have the Sudetenland, assuming he would not continue to annex/take/invade lands • March 1939 – Hitler annexed the rest of Czechoslovakia Map • Britain and France warned him of war if he continued German Non-Aggression Pact with the Soviet Union • August 1939 – Hitler signed a treaty (non-aggression pact) with the Soviet Union so he wouldn’t have a threat from the east Map • Publicly, the agreement said that neither country would attack the other. • The pact was meant to last ten years. It only lasted for two. • If the Germans invaded Poland, the USSR would not be allowed to intervene. • Therefore, if Germany declared war against Western Europe, the Soviets would not be allowed to enter the war. 1930s HAPPENINGS AROUND THE WORLD • GREAT DEPRESSION – worldwide • 1931- Japan invades Manchuria (China) • 1935- Italy invades Ethiopia Invasion of Poland • September 1, 1939: The German army invaded Poland, a country that Britain and France had pledged to support. • Due to the terms of the pact, the USSR couldn’t do anything about it. • September 3, 1939 (two days after German’s initial invasion of Poland): Britain and France (Allies) declared war on Germany, starting WWII. • • • d• AXIS POWERS Italy Germany Japan Powers Map Germany’s Inva Poland * Blitzkrieg – “Lightening war” – using planes and armored strike before Poland could respond * moved through Poland (Poland Germany took over it) in less tha the Soviet Union (Joseph Stalin) seized eastern Poland Maginot Line • • • • • At this point (after Poland fell), German troops sat and watched French forces on the Maginot Line, a massive system of forces that France had built along its border with Germany. –PHONY WAR April 1940 – Germany attacked Denmark and Norway May 1940 – Germans moved around the Maginot Line (through the ArdennesMap Forrest) and launched a blitzkrieg on Belgium, the Netherlands, and France reached Paris by June 1940 and France surrendered By mid-1940s, Hitler had conquered most of Western Europe, leaving Britain as the only Allied Power. • After the fall of France, Hitler targeted Great Britain. • Winston Churchill – British Prime Minister Map o encouraged the British people by pledging defense at all costs • Hitler planned to take Britain with the Luftwaffe (German air force) – launched the greatest air assault yet, as over 1000 planes per day dropped bombs on Britain and eventually London Battle of Britain Battle of Britain • RAF = Royal Air Force o Greatly outnumbered o Pilots flew 6-7 missions per day • Huge losses due to death, fire, etc. • Despite the huge losses that London suffered, the RAF still defeated the German’s, marking one of the first military losses for the Germans. Japan (Military Monarchy) • Also discontent with their situation, just like Europe and Asia, and wanted to build an empire 1. Lacked sufficient raw materials and markets for its industries because it is a chain of small islands 2. needed land to support its growing population Axis Powers • 1931 – seized Manchuria Italymost of it by 1940 • 1937 – invaded China, and controlled • Turned to Southeast Asia and the Germany Dutch East Indies • 1940 – became an ally of Germany and Italy Japan • 1941 – signed neutrality pact with the Soviet Union Map The American Response to Japan’s Actions • 1938 – began building up the navy in the Pacific; moved fleet from San Diego to Pearl Harbor, Hawaii • Initially… The U.S. Enters WWII o America favored isolationism • Neutrality Act (1935) • Prevent the U.S. from being drawn into war • In a war b/w 2 or more foreign countries, the U.S. would not export arms, ammunition, or tools of war to those nations • But… • Manchuria, Ethiopia, etc. (events along road) • These actions bothered FDR – he did not want to be neutral The U.S. Enters WWII…Why? 1. 1937 – FDR began to speak against events & aggression (i.e. Quarantine Speech) 2. 1938 – FDR sought $ for navy 3. US signed Neutrality Acts in 1934,1935, 1937, 1939 4. Changed neutrality laws to “cash-and-carry” and the Lend-Lease Act •Cash and Carry •Allowed the US to supply arms to nations; those nations had to pay cash and transport the items on their own ships •Lend-lease Act •Allowed the US to send weapons to Britain regardless of their ability to pay •Resulted in the loss of two U.S. Ships by U-attack (Oct 1941) USS Kearny USS Reuben “Lend-Lease” Act (1941) Great Britain.........................$31 billion Soviet Union...........................$11 billion France......................................$ 3 billion China.......................................$1.5 billion Other European.................$500 million South America...................$400 million The amount totaled: $48,601,365,000 The U.S. Enters WWII…Why? 4. The Atlantic Charter • FDR and Churchill proclaimed that Britain and U.S. shared the goal of opposing Hitler 5. German U-boats attacked the USS Kearny (all died) & USS Reuben James (100 died) • American vessels moving goods based on the LendLease Act Germany Breaks the Pact • The Germans and the Soviets stayed with the agreement until Germany invaded the USSR on June 22, 1941. The U.S. Enters WWII…Why? 8. Pearl Harbor • Pearl Harbor, at the time, was about 22,000 acres in size • After the U.S. annexed Hawaii, construction began on Pearl Harbor, with intentions of it becoming a first-class naval base. • Repairs were being made in 1941 • Japan was continuing to attack Chinese territory • U.S., the Netherlands, and Britain froze Japanese assets • Japan had two options – concede to the U.S. or attack The U.S. Enters WWII…Why? • • • U.S. thought Japan would attack our base in the Philippines or SE Asia U.S. did not want to fire the first shot; continued to negotiate with Japan and warned of possible Japanese attack Japan was planning a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor • Spies on Oahu and Maui • Aircraft carriers would approach the harbor from the north, planes w/ bombs and torpedoes would take off from those ships and destroy U.S. ships and planes • About 360 Japanese attack planes had launched at dawn from aircraft carriers The U.S. Enters WWII…Why? • • U.S. forces at Pearl Harbor were not ready to defend it • No single commander to prepare defense (i.e. no planes to watch for approaching ships) Japanese attack on December 7, 1941 The Aftermath • 2,403 people killed, including 68 civilians • 1,178 wounded • 188 aircraft, 8 battleships, three destroyers, three cruisers, and one mine layer were destroyed or were sunk • However, of the ships destroyed, the U.S.S. Arizona was the only ship 100% non-recoverable and Japan did not sink any of the Pacific aircraft carriers and left most of the fuel that was needed to win the war in the Pacific. Pearl Harbor • The Following Day, December 8th 1941, FDR will ask for a Declaration of WAR against Japan! • December 11th FDR will ask for a Declaration of War against Germany and Italy!