Download World War II

World War II
Chapters 34 and 35
Washington Disarmament
Conference
(1921-1922)
5 Long-standing Anglo-Japanese alliance (1902) obligated
Britain to aid Japan in the event of a Japanese war with the
United States.
5 Goals  naval disarmament and the political situation in the
Far East.
Five-Power Treaty (1922)
5 A battleship ratio was achieved through this ratio:
US
5
Britain
5
Japan
3
France
1.67
Italy
1.67
5 Japan got a guarantee that the US and Britain would
stop fortifying their Far East territories [including
the Philippines].
5 Loophole  no restrictions on small warships
Locarno Pact (1925)
5 Guaranteed the common boundaries of Belgium, France, and
Germany as specified in the Treaty of Versailles of 1919.
5 Germany signed treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia,
agreeing to change the eastern borders of Germany by
arbitration only.
Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)
5 15 nations dedicated to outlawing aggression and war as
tools of foreign policy.
5 62 nations signed.
5 Problems  no means of actual enforcement and gave
Americans a false sense of security.
Japanese Attack Manchuria
(1931)
5 League of Nations condemned the
action.
5 Japan leaves the League.
5 Hoover wanted no part in an American military action in
the Far East.
Hoover-Stimpson Doctrine
(1932)
5 US would not recognize any territorial
acquisitions that were achieved by force.
5 Japan was infuriated because the US had
conquered new
territories a few
decades earlier.
5 Japan bombed
Shanghai in
1932  massive
casualties.
London Economic Conference 1933
► Purpose
– attack on the global depression and
stabilization of currencies for exchange rates
► FDR wants to be able to stimulate the
American economy through inflation
 Pulls US out of conference
► Conference
adjourns with no resolutions
 Provokes extreme nationalism; little international
cooperation
 US = isolationism!
FDR Foreign Policy
5 Recognizes the Soviet Union (late
1933)
5 FDR felt that recognizing
Moscow might bolster the US
against Japan.
Maybe trade with the USSR
would help the US economy
during the Depression.
• Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934
Philippines would become independent
after a 12 year tutelage period (1946)
Did not want to spend the money
maintaining a Far East empire
FDR’s “Good Neighbor”
Policy
5 Important to have all nations in
the Western Hemisphere united
in lieu of foreign aggressions.
5 FDR  The good neighbor
respects himself and the rights
of others.
5 Policy of non-intervention and
cooperation.
5 Reciprocal Trade Agreements –
low tariff increases trade
Nye Committee Hearings
(1934-1936)
5 The Nye Committee I
investigated the charge
that WW I was needless and
the US entered so munitions
owners could make big profits
[“merchants of death.”]
5 The Committee did charge
Senator Gerald P. Nye [R-ND]
that bankers wanted war to
protect their loans & arms manufacturers to make
money.
5 Claimed that Wilson had provoked Germany by sailing
into warring nations’ waters.
5 Resulted in Congress passing several Neutrality Acts.
Ludlow Amendment (1938)
5 A proposed amendment to the
Constitution that called for a
national referendum on any
declaration of war by
Congress.
5 Introduced several times by
Congressman Ludlow.
Congressman Louis Ludlow
[D-IN]
5 Never actually passed.
Neutrality Acts: 1935, 1936, 1937
5 When the President proclaimed the existence of a
foreign war, certain restrictions would automatically go
into effect:
 Prohibited sales of arms to belligerent nations.
 Prohibited loans and credits to belligerent nations.
 Forbade Americans to travel on vessels of nations at
war [in contrast to WW I].
 Non-military goods must be purchased on a “cash-andcarry” basis  pay when goods are picked up.
 Banned involvement in the Spanish Civil War.
5 This limited the options of the President in a crisis.
5 America in the 1930s declined to build up its forces!
US Neutrality
Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)
► Fascists
led by
Generalissimo Franco
rebelled
 Aided by Hitler,
Mussolini
 Rome-Berlin Axis
► US
sent no aid
► Democracy was
doomed
The American “Lincoln
Brigade”
Quarantine Speech
► FDR’s
speech in 1937
► Alarmed by recent aggression by Italy and
Japan
 World needs to quarantine the aggressors
►Economically?
► Protest
erupts from isolationists
 FDR retreated
Panay Incident (1937)
5 December 12, 1937.
5 Japan bombed USS Panay
gunboat & three Standard Oil
tankers on the Yangtze River.
5 The river was an
international waterway.
5 Japan was testing US resolve!
5 Japan apologized, paid US an indemnity, and promised no
further attacks.
5 Most Americans were satisfied with the apology.
5 Results  Japanese interpreted US tone as a license for
further aggression against US interests.
Fascist Aggression
5 1935: Hitler denounced the Versailles Treaty & the
League of Nations [re-arming!]
Mussolini attacks Ethiopia.
5 1936: German troops sent into the Rhineland.
Fascist forces sent to fight with Franco in Spain.
5 1938: Austrian Anschluss (union).
Rome-Berlin Tokyo Pact [AXIS]
Munich Agreement  APPEASEMENT!
5 1939: German troops march into the rest of
Czechoslovakia.
Hitler-Stalin Non-Aggression Pact.
5 September 1, 1939: German troops march into
Poland  blitzkrieg  WW II begins!!!
World War II Timeline Cont
► 1939-
Phony War – months after collapse of
Poland – Hitler preparing for attack on
France
► 1940 – Hitler attacks Denmark and Norway
► 1940 – Hitler attacks Belgium and
Netherlands
► 1940 – Hitler attacks France
► Aug. 1940 – Hitler begins air war with
Britain
► June 1941 – Hitler invades USSR
1939 Neutrality Act
5 In response to Germany’s invasion of Poland.
5 FDR persuades Congress in special session to allow the
US to aid European democracies in a limited way:
 The US could sell weapons to the European democracies
on a “cash-and-carry” basis.
 FDR was authorized to proclaim danger zones which US
ships and citizens could not enter.
5
Results of the 1939 Neutrality Act:
 Aggressors could not send ships to buy US munitions.
 The US economy improved as European demands for war
goods helped bring the country out of the 1937-38
recession.
5
America becomes the “Arsenal of Democracy.”
More US Action
► US
passes conscription law – Sept 1940
 First peacetime draft
► Allies
run out of cash
► Destroyer deal – US sends UK 50 Destroyers
in exchanges for bases
► Lend-Lease – “send guns instead of sons”
► Atlantic Charter – FDR and Churchill
 Self determination and disarmament
► Convoys
ships
– US destroyers escort merchant
 Clash with subs
“Lend-Lease” Act (1941)
Great Britain.........................$31 billion
Soviet Union...........................$11 billion
France......................................$ 3 billion
China.......................................$1.5 billion
Other European.................$500 million
South America...................$400 million
The amount totaled: $48,601,365,000
Conflict in the Nation
Committee to Defend
America (by Aiding
the Allies)
America First
Committee
Anti-war, advocated the
isolationist policy and
complete neutrality
► Aimed to enforce the
Neutrality Acts
► Prominent members:
►
 Aviator Charles Lindbergh
 Future President Gerald
Ford
 Publisher Joseph M.
Patterson (New York Daily
News)
Pro-war, advocated aid to
the Allies in the war
► Supported the Lend-Lease
Act
► Prominent members:
►
 Governor Adlai Stevenson
(IL)
 U.S. Representative Claude
Pepper (FL)
 Journalist William Allen
White
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor from the
Cockpit of a Japanese Plane
USS Arizona, Pearl Harbor
FDR Signs the War Declaration
► Pearl
Harbor – Dec 7
 3000 casualties
► War
Declaration – Dec
11, 1941
What was the War Powers Act?
►1
week after Pearl Harbor
► Granted the President power to:
 Reorganize the federal government
 Create new agencies
 Est. programs censoring news and
information and abridge civil liberties
 Seize foreign property
 Award government contracts w/o
competitive bids
End of the War in Europe
► Stalingrad
1942)
– turning point of the war (Sept –
 Russians launch counteroffensive and push towards
Germany
► 2nd
Front opened in North Africa - 1942
 Led by Eisenhower – success
 Hopped to Sicily – Mussolini is deposed, Italy
surrenders
 Germany keeps fighting in Italy
► D-Day
– plan decided on in Tehran
 June 6 1944 - Cross channel invasion of France
 Led by Eisenhower
End of the War in Europe
► Paris
was liberated in August 1944 by General
Patton
► Aachen (1st German city) captured Oct. 1944
► Battle of the Bulge – Dec. 1944 -- last German
offensive on Antwerp, Belgium
► Soviets reached Berlin in April 1945
► Hitler committed suicide on April 30
► Formal surrender -- V-E Day – May 8
The War in the Pacific
► The
Japanese conquered a huge empire
 Hong Kong
 French Indochina
 Philippines
 Thailand
 Burma
 Much of China
 Many islands of the Pacific
Bataan Death March
► Just
hours after Pearl Harbor,
the Japanese attacked the
Philippines
► Forced US forces to the Bataan
Peninsula
► FDR ordered Douglas
MacArthur to leave
 American commander
 “I shall return”
Allies Turn the Tide
► Spring
of 1942
► Lt. Colonel James Doolittle led a raid
on Tokyo
► Raised the spirits of the US
Battle of Coral Sea
►5
day battle
►American and Australians stopped the
Japanese push to Australia
►Fighting was done by airplanes that
took off from aircraft carriers
►Japanese invasion was stopped and
turned back
 First time since Pearl Harbor
Battle of Midway
► Allies
stopped the Japanese thrust
toward Hawaii
► Americans had broken Japanese code
and knew Midway was the next target
► Admiral Nimitz commanded the US fleet
► US defended the island
Battle of Midway
► Scout
planes found the Japanese fleet
► Americans sent torpedos and bombers
► Japanese lost four carriers, a cruiser, and
250 planes
► Turning point in Pacific
► US began “island hopping”
 Winning back territory from Japanese
Allies Go on the Offensive
► In
Aug. 1942, Allies launched offensive at
Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands
► Guadalcanal was bitter 6 month struggle
► First Japanese defeat on land
► Allies leap-frogged across Pacific to Japan
Battle of Leyte Gulf
► October
1944 – Allied troops and ships converged on
Leyte Gulf in the Philippines
► MacArthur – “I Have Returned”
► Japanese threw their entire fleet into Battle of Leyte Gulf
► Japanese tested kamikaze technique
 Pilots crashing planes into Allied ships
 Suicide missions
 Sunk 16 ships and damaged 80 others
► Despite
damage done by kamikazes, Leyte Gulf was a
disaster for Japanese




Lost 3 battleships
4 aircraft carriers
13 cruisers
500 planes
Iwo Jima
►Iwo
Jima was crucial to US as a base to
launch bombers to reach Japan
►Japanese troops were entrenched in
tunnels and caves
►More than 6,000 Marines died taking the
island
►Only 200 Japanese survived
Battle for Okinawa
►April
1945 – US Marines invaded Okinawa
►1900 Kamikaze attacks sunk 30 ships and
damaged 300 more
►7,600 Americans died by June
►110,000 Japanese died defending Okinawa
►Chilling taste of what a land war would be
like on Japan
Manhattan Project
► Allied
leaders wanted to avoid an
invasion of the Japanese mainland
 Truman – use atomic bomb?
► J. Robert Oppenheimer
 Scientist directing the research
► Top secret development
► First test – desert in New Mexico
Decision to Drop the Bomb
► US
warned Japan
 Surrender or face destruction
 Japan refused
► August 6 – Bomber named Enola Gay released
an atomic bomb over Hiroshima (military
center)
 Hiroshima ceased to exist
 Japan still refused to surrender
► August 9 – second bomb dropped on Nagasaki
Effects of the Bomb
► 200,000
people died of injuries
and radiation poisoning
► Emperor Hirohito ordered the end
of the war
 VJ Day – August 15, 1945
► September
2 – formal surrender
ceremonies on US battleship
Missouri
Occupation of Japan
►General
Douglas MacArthur in
command of occupation
►Japanese leaders were persecuted
►MacArthur reshaped the Japanese
economy (free-market) and
transformed the government
 New constitution that guaranteed basic
rights
Home Front
► Japanese
Internment
 Wave of anti-Japanese hysteria after Pearl Harbor
 Upheld in Korematsu case
► US Economy Booms – GNP doubles
 Massive military orders
 Government intervention!
► War Production Board
 No consumer goods, rationing
► Office of Price Administration
 Fixed prices to offset inflation
► War Labor Board
 Wage ceilings – no strikes
Wartime Migrations
► Migrations
to West, Northwest
 Mechanical cotton picker – no need for labor
► Seeds
of Sunbelt were planted
► Explosive racial tension as a result
 Zoot suit riots
 Detroit race riots
► Exodus
of Native Americans from reservations
 To get jobs in cities, or military service “Codetalkers”
FDR’s 1940 reelection
► FDR
v. Wendell Wilkie
 Wilkie agreed with FDR for the most part
►Aid
► FDR
democracies
wins – should war come
 FDR was experienced
 Don’t change horses!
FDR’s 1944 reelection
► FDR




v. Dewey (R) – gov of NY
More of a focus on the VP candidate
Ditched Wallace b/c he was “unpredictable”
Truman (Missouri Senator) was chosen
CIO campaigned for FDR
►Don’t
pull the pitcher!