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WWII An overview Nations post WWI Russia- left WWI early Russian Revolution Staggering defeats Lost land because of treaty signed with Germany Communist country, ran now by a Totalitarian leader Josef Stalin France- post WWI Depression Still a world power Had insisted on revenge for WWI with Germany Had Maginot Line to make them feel very comfortable QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Great Britain Global Depression Trying to rebuild the country and industry Chamberlain creates APPEASEMENT policy “peace in our time” USA Largest world power Refuse to sign the Versailles Treaty Withdraw into isolationism Providing 50% of the world’s goods Give economic aid to Germany DEPRESSION-stock market crash FDR Italy Had been an Allied power during WWI Upset about not getting rewards after the war Depression Benito Mussolini takes over the country Fascism - militant Totalitarianism- controlling country by 1 leader, 1 party, censorship, controlling religion, work, politics, social life China Bouncing back and forth between communism and a dictatorship Chaing Kai-Shek changes from communism Revolutions in the country Japan Very militant Planning a takeover of Asia for years Industrializing - USA and Britain refuse to sell them goods after a time Government is weak- half democratic, but ruled by emperor Parliament is seen as a failure with the depression and military leaders take over Germany Treaty of Versailles has left them in ruins Germans have much bitterness towards the rest of Europe Lost land, money, given war guilt Serious depression- 1923 loaf of bread costs 1 billion marks! Hitler comes to power making promises and is named Chancellor In the end No one was happy with the Treaty of Versailles Americans felt it was too harsh and withdrew from European politics France wanted to make sure Germany was left weak and unable to start another war and ensure themselves as a super power England wanted reparations for injured and widowed, but also didn’t want France to have the ultimate control, they needed Germany to build their industry Italy- didn’t get much of anything out of the deal and were upset. LEAVES anger, mistrust, and vengeance Japan takes over Asia In the 1920s, Japan’s military leaders invade China Their occupation begins in Manchuria industrialization Planning for decades Withdraw from the League of Nations, after criticism Full blown invasion begins in 1937 Horrors happening in Asia Italy and Ethiopia League’s inaction causes Mussolini’s action Mussolini wants his own colonial empire after previously being defeated by Ethiopia, chooses it to invade Appeasement is practiced, he’s allowed to conquer Ethiopia - even using Suez Canal controlled by British to get weapons there Selassie warns LofN, “It is us today. It will be you tomorrow.” They still do nothing. Hitler defies Versailles Treaty Begins rearming and rebuilding the army Banners in Germany read “Today Germany! Tomorrow the World!” Starts arming Germany using Soviet land 1936- Moves troops into the Rhineland 1937- Hitler makes the move to annex Austria also forbidden by the treaty. Next move was Czechoslovakia, Hitler demanded the Sudentenland Munich Conference France and Britain were preparing for war with Hitler’s new demand Mussolini suggested the Munich conference Once again they chose appeasement They give him the Sudetenland Within 6 months he took the rest of Czechoslovakia Nazis and Soviets Non-aggression pact Britain and France tried to talk to Stalin and get him to join them in an alliances to stop aggression Upset about being left out of Munich Stalin and Hitler were in their own talks In August of 1939, then sign a nonaggression pact vowing never to attack each other Attack on Poland Hitler wants the Polish Corridor returned to Germany Attacks on Sept. 1, 1939 USSR and Germany decide to divide Poland amongst each other, USSR invades Sept. 17th Stalin would also get the territory lost in WWI back Germany’s 1st attempt at Blitzkrieg The Phony War After the invasion of Poland Great Britain and France declare war on Germany, Sept. 3, 1939 Do nothing for months April 9, 1940, the phony war ends with Hitler’s surprise invasion of Denmark and Norway Battle for Great Britain and France Hitler sweeps through Holland, Belgium, and Luxembourg- keeping attention of France Comes in through the Ardennes Sweeps through and defeats France easily Huge rescue of Allied troops at Dunkirk by sea merchants- 338,000 Vichy France France’s defeat certain- Mussolini now declares war on them also Henry Petain takes over as Prime Minister and establishes a puppet government in the south called Vichy France Attacks on Great Britain Charles de Gaulle had escaped to London to run an exile government for France OPERATION SEA LION- Hitler’s plan to take over GB Take out air force, constant bombings day and night of cities, especially London Had radar and enigma on their side to fight on Night raids- civilians spent night in subways or bomb shelters Battle of Britain continued until 1941 when Hitler gave up North Africa Mussolini needs to earn his “spoils” Moves in and takes Libya Wanting to move on British controlled Egypt and especially the Suez Canal By the end of 1940, they were 60 miles in Egypt 1941, British move them back 500 miles Hitler sends Erwin Rommel, the Desert Fox to save Italians with the Afrika Korps Series of advances and retreats Balkans Hitler had decided to turn on the USSR Needed the Balkan countries to do so Bulgaria, Romania, and Hungary join Axis powers Yugoslavia and Greece fight, lasting only 11 and 17 days He now has a clear road to USSR Invading the Soviet Union Hitler’s double cross happens in June of 1941 By September, he had Leningrad in siege, bombed food storage, in a city of 2.5 million, 1 million perish that winter and still don’t surrender Moves on Moscow, fails to remember Napoleon and the Russian Winter Germans in their summer uniforms are NOT prepared, lose 500,000 men So where’s the USA? ISOLATIONISM! Didn’t want to get involved in Europe’s problems again Neutrality acts passed from 1937-1939 But FDR convinces them in 1939, to enact cash and carry Lend-Lease Act- FDR orders ships to accompany, Hitler orders they are to be sunk After an attack by Hitler, FDR orders they fire on German subs and undeclared naval battle ensues Japan in the Pacific Japan is building its own empire, overcrowded and need more room After a long costly invasion of China, look at European colonies We had learned to decode their messages and knew of their plan to take over Asia America and Britain cut off supplies to them Irosoku Yamamoto points to Pearl Harbor as a dagger pointed at Japan’s throat Pearl Harbor Dec. 7, 1941, soldiers awoke to bombing We had known attack was coming but, not when or where Within 2 hours, they had killed 2,400 Americans, destroyed 18 ships including 8 battleships Almost the entire Pacific Fleet FDR in declaring war on Japan calls it “a date which will live in infamy” the following day the United States had entered war Japanese victories Japan was quick to move in the Pacific P. 828- take Guam and Wake Islands, and Philippines By Feb. 1942- had moved on Hong Kong and Singapore March 1942- Conquered East Indies, moved on Burma and could now close off the Burma Road forcing China into submission Bataan Death March and other horrors Not Asia for Asians, but pure conquerors Allies come back Primarily Americans and Australians Doolittle and his crew of 16 B-25 bombers attack Tokyo- doesn’t cause damage, but psychologically it does Battle of Coral Sea-Becomes an aerial fight with planes taking off from carriers Successful in stopping further expansion by Japan, other we lost more ships Battle of Midway USA had decoded Japan’s plan Nimitz allows Japan to attack Midway, as they wait on the horizon Japan outnumbers 4-1 Nimitz attacks as planes are flying in or on deck Americans destroy 322 planes, 4 aircraft carriers, and 1 support ship Pearl Harbor avenged and this is the turning point in the Pacific Campaign. Island Hopping General Douglas MacArthur “Hit ‘em where they ain’t, let ‘em die on the vine” Battle of Guadalcanal- Japanese building a strongpoint- known as “the Island of Death” p. 830 23,000 out of 36,000 Japanese soldiers die here MacArthur’s campaign is going well, however, Japanese willing to fight to the death The Tide Turns North Africa, under the Command of Bernard Montgomery El Alamein pushes Rommel out of Egypt with a night frontal attack Operation Torch- led by Dwight D Eisenhower attacked from Morocco and Algeria Smashing Rommel’s forces inbetween the two armies North Africa is won in 1943 Turning the tide in the Soviet Union After the horrible winter, German forces renew in Spring Battle of Stalingrad- wanted resources in the Caucasus Mountains and the industry of the city After taking over 90% of the city, another Russian winter set in Feb. 1943 Germans surrender after Stalin closes them in Out of 330,000 soldiers only 90,000 remain Soviets have lost 1 million soldiers Invasion of Italy FDR and Churchill meet at Casablanca in 1943 Decide Italy will be the site of next invasion, Stalin wanted them to invade France July 10th, 180,000 Allied soldiers land on Sicily and capture it by August Mussolini “fired” by King Emmanuel Sept. 3- Italy surrenders Germans in N. Italy restore him to power, continue fighting for months, until Germans forced to retreat Mussolini is found trying to escape as a German soldier, shot and hanged in Milan, along with his mistress and crew HOMEFRONT Rationing- gasoline, sugar, nylons, rubber, metal, have stamps, 35 mph War bonds and stamps Women at work Conversion of all industry to the total war effort automobiles-tanks, typewriters- shells Propaganda to support the war Quic kTime™ and a TIFF (Unc ompres sed) dec ompres sor are needed to see this pic ture. Quic kTime™ and a TIFF (Unc ompres sed) dec ompres sor are needed to see this pic ture. Quic k Ti me™ and a T IFF (Unc om pres s ed) dec om pres s or are needed to s ee t his pic t ure. QuickTime™ and a TIF F (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTi me™ and a T IFF (Uncom pressed) decom pressor are needed to see t his pict ure. QuickTi me™ and a T IFF (Uncom pressed) decom pressor are needed to see t his pict ure. Quic kT i me™ and a T IFF (Unc ompres s ed) dec ompres s or are needed t o s ee thi s pi c ture. QuickTi me™ and a T IFF (Uncom pressed) decom pressor are needed to see t his pict ure. QuickTi me™ and a T IFF (Uncom pressed) decom pressor are needed to see t his pict ure. QuickTi me™ and a T IFF (Uncom pressed) decom pressor are needed to see t his pict ure. QuickTi me™ and a TIFF ( Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see thi s pi ctur e. Japanese Internment Prejudice effect of propaganda Japanese-Americans now seen as the enemy Feb. 1942-FDR agrees to internment of Japanese and loss of property 31, 275 citizens wrongly considered enemy aliens were imprisoned for 5 years during the war and lost everything Allied Victory in Europe D-Day invasion-built an Allied army in Great Britain “Dummy Army” to keep Hitler guessing and thinking it would be at Calais Operation Overlord would be the largest attack ever on land and sea 3.5 million troops waiting, thousands of planes, ships, tanks, landing crafts D-Day was June 6, 1944- 160,000 invade Operation Overlord Germans dug in behind 3 feet of concrete with machine guns, rockets, cannons Beach losses were huge with 3,000 American soldiers dying in one day Chaos and bodies July 25th- punch a hole through the lines and Germans retreat Allied forces were led by Gen. George Patton August 25th- Allies were in Paris By September, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and most of the Netherlands were liberated from the Nazis Battle of the Bulge Hitler being squeezed by the Allies and the Soviets Last chance, Hitler said “This battle is to decide whether we live or die” Dec. 16th, Germans were successful in breaking through Allied lines at Ardennes Allies eventually recover, Nazis can do little other than retreat March 1945- Allies crossed the Rhine River By April - 3 million Allied and 6 million Soviet troops surround Berlin Hitler’s demise April 28th, in a bunker he married Eva Braun Writes his final address blaming Jews for the war and his Generals for losing Says he’s dying with a happy heart, aware of the immeasurable deeds of German soldiers on the front 2 days later he takes poison and shoots himself, Eva takes poison Their bodies are found and brought above ground and burned V-E Day May 7, 1945 German military unconditionally surrenders to Eisenhower FDR didn’t live to see it, he had died April 12 May 8, it’s officially signed in Berlin and Allied powers celebrate V-E Day Fighting still in Pacific MacArthur “People of the Philippines, I have returned” Not that easy Leyte Gulf- Japanese gamble and go “all in” Within 3 days- Japan suffered major losses, the only hope they had left were the kamikazes Japanese defeats continue March 1945- take Iwo Jima Both sides are suffering huge casualties Okinawa is next- Japanese lose 110,000 troops and Allies 12,500 Next stop Japan Truman faced with tough decision A-bomb Truman advised that invasion of Japan would cost at least 500,000 Allied soldiers Manhattan Project- Robert J. Oppenheimer developed the atomic bomb Truman warned Japanese that we had the bomb and would use it On August 6, 1945- dropped on Hiroshima 73,000 die August 9- Nagasaki- 37, 500 deaths V-J Day on Sept. 2nd Consequences 60 million DEAD (40 million Europeans)2/3 civilians 50 million homeless Billions of dollars in property damage 60,595 Londoners die, Warsaw out of 1,289,000 only 153,000 remain 95% of Berlin gone Where do you go? How do you find family? No water, no food, no home… Misery No agriculture, all production had been moved to war-time Disease spread in dirty bombed out cities First winter, horrible, no coats, shoes, shelter Barter anything left for food August 1945, 4,000 Berlin citizens died each day Stabilizing Governments What do you return to? Who will stabilize things? Italy, Germany, France- mistrust, no one to take charge Communists gain much power, until violent strikes Nuremberg Trials Make sure it “never” happens again, hold Germans responsible for actions 1946-International Military Tribunal representing 23 nations but the Nazis on trial Adolf Hitler, SS Chief Heinrich Himmler, and Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels had already committed suicide 22 brought to trial, Goring and Hess 2 notable ones, Goring committed suicide 12 sentenced to death Hans Frank the only to have remorse After the hanging, the were burned and then cremeated in the same ovens they had used on their victims. Effects on Asia 2 million lives lost Major cities ruined, Tokyo, Hiroshima, Nagasaki Stripped of land United States led by General Douglas MacArthur occupies Japan Begins with demilitarization Conducts war crime trials here 6 out of the 25 are hung, including Premier Hideki Tojo Democratization- parliament like Great Britain Forces landlords to sell to tenant farmers at good prices to help economy Effects on Asia Hard feelings- USA only sends $2 billion Emperor changed into constitutional monarch- not a God Constitution- everyone votes over 20, also can NOT declare war only defend 1951- official treaty signed to end war Enemies become allies and Allies become enemies…. War Costs USA Gr. Britain France USSR Germany Japan Military Killed 288 billion 292,131 117 billion 271,311 111.3 bil 205,707 93 bill 13.6 mil 212.3 bil 3.3 mil 41.3 bil 1.14 mil Civilians Killed 60,595 173,260 7.72mil 2.893mil 953,000