Download WWII

WWII
An overview
Nations post WWI
 Russia- left WWI early
 Russian Revolution
 Staggering defeats
 Lost land because of treaty signed with
Germany
 Communist country, ran now by a
Totalitarian leader Josef Stalin
France- post WWI
 Depression
 Still a world power
 Had insisted on revenge for WWI with
Germany
 Had Maginot Line to make them feel very
comfortable
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Great Britain
 Global Depression
 Trying to rebuild the country and industry
 Chamberlain creates APPEASEMENT policy
 “peace in our time”
USA
 Largest world power
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Refuse to sign the Versailles Treaty
Withdraw into isolationism
Providing 50% of the world’s goods
Give economic aid to Germany
DEPRESSION-stock market crash
FDR
Italy
 Had been an Allied power during WWI
 Upset about not getting rewards after the
war
 Depression
 Benito Mussolini takes over the country
 Fascism - militant
 Totalitarianism- controlling country by 1
leader, 1 party, censorship, controlling
religion, work, politics, social life
China
 Bouncing back and forth between
communism and a dictatorship
 Chaing Kai-Shek changes from communism
 Revolutions in the country
Japan
 Very militant
 Planning a takeover of Asia for years
 Industrializing - USA and Britain refuse to
sell them goods after a time
 Government is weak- half democratic, but
ruled by emperor
 Parliament is seen as a failure with the
depression and military leaders take over
Germany
 Treaty of Versailles has left them in
ruins
 Germans have much bitterness towards the
rest of Europe
 Lost land, money, given war guilt
 Serious depression- 1923 loaf of bread
costs 1 billion marks!
 Hitler comes to power making promises
and is named Chancellor
In the end
 No one was happy with the Treaty of Versailles
 Americans felt it was too harsh and withdrew from
European politics
 France wanted to make sure Germany was left weak and
unable to start another war and ensure themselves as a
super power
 England wanted reparations for injured and widowed, but
also didn’t want France to have the ultimate control, they
needed Germany to build their industry
 Italy- didn’t get much of anything out of the deal and
were upset.
 LEAVES anger, mistrust, and vengeance
Japan takes over Asia
 In the 1920s, Japan’s military leaders
invade China
 Their occupation begins in Manchuria industrialization
 Planning for decades
 Withdraw from the League of Nations,
after criticism
 Full blown invasion begins in 1937
 Horrors happening in Asia
Italy and Ethiopia
 League’s inaction causes Mussolini’s
action
 Mussolini wants his own colonial empire
after previously being defeated by Ethiopia,
chooses it to invade
 Appeasement is practiced, he’s allowed to
conquer Ethiopia - even using Suez Canal
controlled by British to get weapons there
 Selassie warns LofN, “It is us today. It will
be you tomorrow.” They still do nothing.
Hitler defies Versailles Treaty
 Begins rearming and rebuilding the army
 Banners in Germany read “Today Germany!
Tomorrow the World!”
 Starts arming Germany using Soviet land
 1936- Moves troops into the Rhineland
 1937- Hitler makes the move to annex Austria also
forbidden by the treaty.
 Next move was Czechoslovakia, Hitler demanded
the Sudentenland
Munich Conference
 France and Britain were preparing for war
with Hitler’s new demand
 Mussolini suggested the Munich conference
 Once again they chose appeasement
 They give him the Sudetenland
 Within 6 months he took the rest of
Czechoslovakia
Nazis and Soviets
 Non-aggression pact
 Britain and France tried to talk to Stalin
and get him to join them in an alliances to
stop aggression
 Upset about being left out of Munich
 Stalin and Hitler were in their own talks
 In August of 1939, then sign a nonaggression pact vowing never to attack
each other
Attack on Poland
 Hitler wants the Polish Corridor returned to
Germany
 Attacks on Sept. 1, 1939
 USSR and Germany decide to divide Poland
amongst each other, USSR invades Sept. 17th
 Stalin would also get the territory lost in WWI
back
 Germany’s 1st attempt at Blitzkrieg
The Phony War
 After the invasion of Poland
 Great Britain and France declare war on
Germany, Sept. 3, 1939
 Do nothing for months
 April 9, 1940, the phony war ends with
Hitler’s surprise invasion of Denmark and
Norway
Battle for Great Britain and
France
 Hitler sweeps through Holland, Belgium,
and Luxembourg- keeping attention of
France
 Comes in through the Ardennes
 Sweeps through and defeats France
easily
 Huge rescue of Allied troops at Dunkirk
by sea merchants- 338,000
Vichy France
 France’s defeat certain- Mussolini now
declares war on them also
 Henry Petain takes over as Prime
Minister and establishes a puppet
government in the south called Vichy
France
Attacks on Great Britain
 Charles de Gaulle had escaped to London to
run an exile government for France
 OPERATION SEA LION- Hitler’s plan to take
over GB
 Take out air force, constant bombings day and
night of cities, especially London
 Had radar and enigma on their side to fight on
 Night raids- civilians spent night in subways or
bomb shelters
 Battle of Britain continued until 1941 when
Hitler gave up
North Africa
 Mussolini needs to earn his “spoils”
 Moves in and takes Libya
 Wanting to move on British controlled Egypt
and especially the Suez Canal
 By the end of 1940, they were 60 miles in
Egypt
 1941, British move them back 500 miles
 Hitler sends Erwin Rommel, the Desert Fox to
save Italians with the Afrika Korps
 Series of advances and retreats
Balkans
 Hitler had decided to turn on the USSR
 Needed the Balkan countries to do so
 Bulgaria, Romania, and Hungary join
Axis powers
 Yugoslavia and Greece fight, lasting
only 11 and 17 days
 He now has a clear road to USSR
Invading the Soviet Union
 Hitler’s double cross happens in June of
1941
 By September, he had Leningrad in siege,
bombed food storage, in a city of 2.5
million, 1 million perish that winter and still
don’t surrender
 Moves on Moscow, fails to remember
Napoleon and the Russian Winter
 Germans in their summer uniforms are NOT
prepared, lose 500,000 men
So where’s the USA?
 ISOLATIONISM!
 Didn’t want to get involved in Europe’s problems
again
 Neutrality acts passed from 1937-1939
 But FDR convinces them in 1939, to enact cash
and carry
 Lend-Lease Act- FDR orders ships to accompany,
Hitler orders they are to be sunk
 After an attack by Hitler, FDR orders they fire on
German subs and undeclared naval battle ensues
Japan in the Pacific
 Japan is building its own empire,
overcrowded and need more room
 After a long costly invasion of China, look at
European colonies
 We had learned to decode their messages
and knew of their plan to take over Asia
 America and Britain cut off supplies to them
 Irosoku Yamamoto points to Pearl Harbor as
a dagger pointed at Japan’s throat
Pearl Harbor
 Dec. 7, 1941, soldiers awoke to bombing
 We had known attack was coming but, not
when or where
 Within 2 hours, they had killed 2,400
Americans, destroyed 18 ships including 8
battleships
 Almost the entire Pacific Fleet
 FDR in declaring war on Japan calls it “a
date which will live in infamy” the following
day the United States had entered war
Japanese victories
 Japan was quick to move in the Pacific
 P. 828- take Guam and Wake Islands, and
Philippines
 By Feb. 1942- had moved on Hong Kong
and Singapore
 March 1942- Conquered East Indies, moved
on Burma and could now close off the
Burma Road forcing China into submission
 Bataan Death March and other horrors
 Not Asia for Asians, but pure conquerors
Allies come back
 Primarily Americans and Australians
 Doolittle and his crew of 16 B-25 bombers
attack Tokyo- doesn’t cause damage, but
psychologically it does
 Battle of Coral Sea-Becomes an aerial fight
with planes taking off from carriers
 Successful in stopping further expansion by
Japan, other we lost more ships
Battle of Midway
 USA had decoded Japan’s plan
 Nimitz allows Japan to attack Midway, as
they wait on the horizon
 Japan outnumbers 4-1
 Nimitz attacks as planes are flying in or on
deck
 Americans destroy 322 planes, 4 aircraft
carriers, and 1 support ship
 Pearl Harbor avenged and this is the
turning point in the Pacific Campaign.
Island Hopping
 General Douglas MacArthur
 “Hit ‘em where they ain’t, let ‘em die on the
vine”
 Battle of Guadalcanal- Japanese building a
strongpoint- known as “the Island of Death”
p. 830
 23,000 out of 36,000 Japanese soldiers die
here
 MacArthur’s campaign is going well, however,
Japanese willing to fight to the death
The Tide Turns
 North Africa, under the Command of Bernard
Montgomery
 El Alamein pushes Rommel out of Egypt with
a night frontal attack
 Operation Torch- led by Dwight D Eisenhower
attacked from Morocco and Algeria
 Smashing Rommel’s forces inbetween the two
armies North Africa is won in 1943
Turning the tide in the Soviet Union
 After the horrible winter, German forces renew
in Spring
 Battle of Stalingrad- wanted resources in the
Caucasus Mountains and the industry of the
city
 After taking over 90% of the city, another
Russian winter set in
 Feb. 1943 Germans surrender after Stalin
closes them in
 Out of 330,000 soldiers only 90,000 remain
 Soviets have lost 1 million soldiers
Invasion of Italy
 FDR and Churchill meet at Casablanca in 1943
 Decide Italy will be the site of next invasion, Stalin
wanted them to invade France
 July 10th, 180,000 Allied soldiers land on Sicily and
capture it by August
 Mussolini “fired” by King Emmanuel
 Sept. 3- Italy surrenders
 Germans in N. Italy restore him to power, continue
fighting for months, until Germans forced to retreat
 Mussolini is found trying to escape as a German
soldier, shot and hanged in Milan, along with his
mistress and crew
HOMEFRONT
 Rationing- gasoline, sugar, nylons,
rubber, metal, have stamps, 35 mph
 War bonds and stamps
 Women at work
 Conversion of all industry to the total
war effort automobiles-tanks,
typewriters- shells
 Propaganda to support the war
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Japanese Internment
 Prejudice effect of propaganda
 Japanese-Americans now seen as the enemy
 Feb. 1942-FDR agrees to internment of
Japanese and loss of property
 31, 275 citizens wrongly considered enemy
aliens were imprisoned for 5 years during the
war and lost everything
Allied Victory in Europe
 D-Day invasion-built an Allied army in Great
Britain
 “Dummy Army” to keep Hitler guessing and
thinking it would be at Calais
 Operation Overlord would be the largest
attack ever on land and sea
 3.5 million troops waiting, thousands of planes,
ships, tanks, landing crafts
 D-Day was June 6, 1944- 160,000 invade
Operation Overlord
 Germans dug in behind 3 feet of concrete with
machine guns, rockets, cannons
 Beach losses were huge with 3,000 American soldiers
dying in one day
 Chaos and bodies
 July 25th- punch a hole through the lines and
Germans retreat Allied forces were led by Gen. George
Patton
 August 25th- Allies were in Paris
 By September, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and
most of the Netherlands were liberated from the Nazis
Battle of the Bulge
 Hitler being squeezed by the Allies and the
Soviets
 Last chance, Hitler said “This battle is to
decide whether we live or die”
 Dec. 16th, Germans were successful in
breaking through Allied lines at Ardennes
 Allies eventually recover, Nazis can do little
other than retreat
 March 1945- Allies crossed the Rhine River
 By April - 3 million Allied and 6 million Soviet
troops surround Berlin
Hitler’s demise
 April 28th, in a bunker he married Eva Braun
 Writes his final address blaming Jews for the
war and his Generals for losing
 Says he’s dying with a happy heart, aware of
the immeasurable deeds of German soldiers on
the front
 2 days later he takes poison and shoots
himself, Eva takes poison
 Their bodies are found and brought above
ground and burned
V-E Day
 May 7, 1945 German military
unconditionally surrenders to
Eisenhower
 FDR didn’t live to see it, he had died
April 12
 May 8, it’s officially signed in Berlin and
Allied powers celebrate V-E Day
Fighting still in Pacific
 MacArthur “People of the Philippines, I have
returned”
 Not that easy
 Leyte Gulf- Japanese gamble and go “all in”
 Within 3 days- Japan suffered major losses,
the only hope they had left were the
kamikazes
Japanese defeats continue
 March 1945- take Iwo Jima
 Both sides are suffering huge casualties
 Okinawa is next- Japanese lose 110,000
troops and Allies 12,500
 Next stop Japan
 Truman faced with tough decision
A-bomb
 Truman advised that invasion of Japan would
cost at least 500,000 Allied soldiers
 Manhattan Project- Robert J. Oppenheimer
developed the atomic bomb
 Truman warned Japanese that we had the
bomb and would use it
 On August 6, 1945- dropped on Hiroshima
73,000 die
 August 9- Nagasaki- 37, 500 deaths
 V-J Day on Sept. 2nd
Consequences
 60 million DEAD (40 million Europeans)2/3
civilians
 50 million homeless
 Billions of dollars in property damage
 60,595 Londoners die, Warsaw out of
1,289,000 only 153,000 remain
 95% of Berlin gone
 Where do you go? How do you find family?
No water, no food, no home…
Misery
 No agriculture, all production had been
moved to war-time
 Disease spread in dirty bombed out cities
 First winter, horrible, no coats, shoes,
shelter
 Barter anything left for food
 August 1945, 4,000 Berlin citizens died each
day
Stabilizing Governments
 What do you return to? Who will stabilize
things?
 Italy, Germany, France- mistrust, no one
to take charge
 Communists gain much power, until
violent strikes
Nuremberg Trials
 Make sure it “never” happens again, hold Germans
responsible for actions
 1946-International Military Tribunal representing 23
nations but the Nazis on trial
 Adolf Hitler, SS Chief Heinrich Himmler, and
Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels had already
committed suicide
 22 brought to trial, Goring and Hess 2 notable ones,
Goring committed suicide 12 sentenced to death
 Hans Frank the only to have remorse
 After the hanging, the were burned and then
cremeated in the same ovens they had used on their
victims.
Effects on Asia
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2 million lives lost
Major cities ruined, Tokyo, Hiroshima, Nagasaki
Stripped of land
United States led by General Douglas MacArthur
occupies Japan
Begins with demilitarization
Conducts war crime trials here
6 out of the 25 are hung, including Premier Hideki
Tojo
Democratization- parliament like Great Britain
Forces landlords to sell to tenant farmers at good
prices to help economy
Effects on Asia
 Hard feelings- USA only sends $2 billion
 Emperor changed into constitutional
monarch- not a God
 Constitution- everyone votes over 20,
also can NOT declare war only defend
 1951- official treaty signed to end war
 Enemies become allies and Allies
become enemies….
War Costs
USA
Gr. Britain
France
USSR
Germany
Japan
Military
Killed
288 billion 292,131
117 billion 271,311
111.3 bil 205,707
93 bill
13.6 mil
212.3 bil 3.3 mil
41.3 bil
1.14 mil
Civilians
Killed
60,595
173,260
7.72mil
2.893mil
953,000