Download American History Unit II- US Foreign Affairs - Waverly

10th American History
Unit IV- A Champion of Democracy
Chapter 13 – Section 2
Europe Erupts Into War
Europe Erupts in War
The Main Idea
Far from being satisfied by the actions of France and Great Britain,
Germany turned to force and triggered the start of World War II.
Reading Focus
• How did Germany’s actions in 1939 trigger the start of World
War II?
• Where did German forces turn after overrunning Poland in 1939?
• What developments increased tensions between the United
States and Japan in East Asia?
World War II Begins (01:03)
The Start of World War II

Neville Chamberlain believed that his policy of
appeasement—or giving in to aggressive demands
to maintain peace—had prevented the outbreak of
war.

Rival British politician Winston Churchill
condemned Chamberlain’s policy of appeasement
and said it would lead to war.

Churchill was correct; Hitler was not appeased by
gaining the Sudentenland.

In 1939 Hitler gained more land by force, made
alliances that he hoped would help him in the
future, and attacked Poland.
War Comes to Europe
The Munich appeasement made Hitler
want more.
Signs as Non-aggression pact with
Russia- which secretly gave
Germany western Poland.
Sept. 1, 1939 Hitler invades Poland.
Sept. 3, 1939 England and France
declare war on Germany.
Sept. 17, 1939 Stalin’s armies move
into Eastern Poland.
Nationalism and the Rise of the Axis Powers (00:51)
Hitler’s Actions in 1939
Czechoslovakia
Alliances
Poland
• In March Hitler
sent troops into
what remained of
Czechoslovakia.
• Established a pact
with Italy
• On September 1,
1939, Hitler
invaded Poland.
• Czechoslovakia
fell without
putting up a fight.
• Established a
nonaggression
pact with Stalin’s
Soviet Union
• Chamberlain
finally realized
that Hitler could
not be trusted.
• Stalin agreed not
to stop Hitler’s
expansion and
Hitler agreed not
to attack Stalin.
• Appeasement had
failed.
• This pact shocked
many in Europe.
• The German
military used the
blitzkrieg, or
“lightening war.”
• Poland fought
back to no avail.
• By the end of the
month, Poland
was in German
hands.
Blitzkrieg



The German method of attack known as blitzkrieg,
or lightning war, was made possible by technological
advances.
The development of tanks that could move rapidly;
the use of airplanes, bombs, and paratroopers; and
coordinated radio communication allowed German
troops to make rapid offensive moves that
overwhelmed other European countries.
The blitzkrieg was successful in the early years of
the war but was ineffective in later years, as the
Allies began to use tanks and planes in a similar
manner.
The New Warfare





Blitzkrieg- Lightening war. Strike
with lightening speed- planes, tanks,
trucks, even motorcycles. Quickly
overwhelm the enemy.
Airpower made it all possible- striking
at the very heart of defenseless nations,
transformed warfare
April 9, 1940 Hitler ends “phony war”
and invades Denmark and Norway.
One month later her rushes into
Netherlands, Belgium and
Luxembourg, thus bypassing the
Maginot line.
June 14, 1940 German soldiers march
into Paris and France surrenders.
Phoney War





Germans on one side,
The French behind the Maginot line
The British moving into France.
“Phoney War”.
Only thing happening was the Soviet attack
on Finland, Finns fought bravely but lost.
World War II Starts




How did Germany’s actions in 1939 trigger
the start of World War II?
Identify – Which British leader publicly
condemned Chamberlains policy of
appeasement?
Explain – Why did the German-Soviet pact
shock Europe?
Predict – Do you think Stalin’s pact with
Germany provided the best security for the
Soviet Union?
German Forces Turn to the West
On September 3, 1939, Great Britain and France declared war
on Germany. They became known as the Allies.
The Allies did not attack Germany. Instead, they decided to
wait for Germany to make its next move. They believed that
Germany’s army would grow weak trying to invade France.
Germany made plans to invade France through the Ardennes
Forest. This was rugged terrain and the French army
concentrated their defenses elsewhere. For example, the famed
Maginot Line was to the south of the Ardennes.
German Forces Turn to the West
April 1940
Hitler invaded Denmark and Norway.

This improved Germany’s access to the Atlantic.

Both countries fell with little resistance.
May 1940Germans invaded France.
June 1940

Germans conquered the Netherlands and stormed into Belgium.

Belgian, British, and French troops tried to stop the Germans in
Belgium.

By early June the Germans had trapped hundreds of thousands
of Allied soldiers at the French port of Dunkirk.

Meanwhile, German forces attacked France through the
Ardennes. The Maginot Line had been bypassed.
France surrendered to Germany and Italy.

The unoccupied part of France was known as Vichy France.

Many French leaders, including Charles de Gaulle, fled to Great
Britain to organize resistance to German and Vichy control of
France.
Operation Dynamo - May 27, 1940 (03:05)
The Nazis Conquer Western Europe (02:02)
The War in Great Britain (02:36)
Battle of Britain- Hitler called it “Sea Lion” (his plan to invade England)



France had fallen so Great Britain was
standing alone against the Nazi, Winston
Churchill called “their finest hour”.
Hitler sent bombers to bomb British cites
during the summer and fall of 1939- the
idea was to force the British to surrender.
Factors in the British favor




Ultra- intercepted and decoded Germany
secret messages.
RADAR- Radio, detecting, and rangingThey knew when the Germans are coming
and where they would be. They could move
the small RAF around and intercept the
German bombers.
British still had horrible losses. Even with
Ultra- Conventry was bombed and many
died.
Germans forced to postponed the
invasion.
Winston Churchill Speeches


June 4, 1940 – “We shall defend our island
whatever the cost may be; we shall fight on
beaches, landing grounds, in field, in streets and
on the hills. We shall never surrender…”
Two weeks later – “Hitler knows that will have to
break us in the island or lose the war…Let us
therefore brace ourselves to our duties, and so
bear ourselves that, if the British Empire and its
Commonwealth last for a thousand years, men
will still say, ‘This was their finest hour’”
German Forces Turn to the West



Recall – What took place during the
sitzkrieg?
Sequence – What countries did Germany
overrun between the fall of Poland and the
Battle of Britain?
Predict – What might have happened in
Western Europe if the Allies had attacked
Hitler in 1939 or early 1940?
German Forces Turn to the West


Identify – What European countries did the
Axis invade by 1941?
Evaluate – Why do you think Spain, where
Germany and Italy had helped place a
Fascist government in power, remained
neutral during World War II rather then siding
with the Axis powers?
Increasing Tensions in East Asia
1934
Japan began expanding its naval forces despite
promises made at the Washington Navel Conference.
1936
Japan signed an anticommunism pact with Germany.
1937
Japan began a war against China.
1940
Japan formed a military alliance with Germany and
Italy. These nations were known as the Axis Powers.
1941
Japan moved to take control of French Indochina, which
threatened American interests. President Roosevelt
tried to reason with General Hideki Tojo, the minister
of war who took control of the country in October of
1941. But the time for compromise was over.
1931; Japanese Aggression in Manchuria (01:53)
Problems with Japan
July 26, 1939- Because of the
siezure of Manchuria by Japan
in 1931m the attack of China in
1937 and the Panay Incident, the
U.S. tells Japan:
–
–
U.S. would end the JapaneseAmerican Commercial Treaty
U.S. will stop sale of war materials
to Japan. Japan was invading
China with those arms.
Tensions in East Asia



Recall – What three nations formed the Axis
powers?
Explain – Why was the U.S. concerned
about the Japanese takeover of French
Indochina?
Make Judgments – Should the United
States have tried to reach a compromise with
Japan?