Download Section 2- The Holocaust - Waverly

10th American History
Unit IV- A Champion of Democracy
Chapter 14 – Section 2 - The Holocaust
10th American History
Unit IV- A Champion of
Democracy
Chapter 14 – Section 2 - The Holocaust
White Rose Society
• In 1942, Five German students at the University of
Munich joined together with one of their professors to
protest the Nazi government.
• The group began to distribute leaflets that condemned
the actions of Hitler and of any German who did not
object to Hitler’s actions: “[The White Rose] will not be
silent. We are your bad conscience. The White Rose
will not leave you in peace.”
• The Gestapo, or Nazi police, quickly discovered the
uprising and killed the leaders.
• A 1983 German film commemorated the bravery of the
members of the White Rose Society.
The Shanghai Ghetto
• At a time when many countries were turning
away Jewish refugees, China welcomed them.
• Some 20,000 mostly German Jews came to the
Chinese port city of Shanghai.
• During the war Shanghai was occupied by
Japan.
• Japan began to imprison Jews and established
a Jewish Ghetto.
• At the end of the war, most Jewish refugees left
to try to rebuild their lives elsewhere.
The History of Nazi AntiSemitism
AntiSemitism
Hitler’s
Views
History
of Jews
in
Germany
•
Hostility toward or prejudice against Jews
•
Told Germans that they came from a superior race – the
Aryans
•
Used the Jews as a scapegoat – someone to blame for
Germany’s woes after World War I
•
Jews lived in Germany for 1,600 years.
•
Hostility toward Jews existed since the Middle Ages.
•
Anti-Jewish Nazi laws mirrored medieval efforts to
humiliate Jews.
•
Anti-Semitism changed from prejudice based on religion to
hatred based on ancestry.
The Holocaust
The Main Idea
During the Holocaust, Germany’s Nazi government
systematically murdered some 6 million Jews and 5 million
others in Europe.
Reading Focus
• What was the history of the Nazi anti-Semitism?
• What was the Nazi government’s Final Solution?
• How did the United States respond to the Holocaust?
Hitler Comes to Power: The Rise of Anti-Semitism (05:46)
Nazi Anti-Semitism
Hitler in Power
• Began campaign
against Jews soon
after becoming
chancellor
• Established a series
of anti-Semitic laws
intended to drive
Jews from Germany
• Laws stripped Jews
of their citizenship
and took away most
civil and economic
rights.
• Laws defined who
was a Jew.
Attacks on Jews
• Many Germans
supported Hitler’s
anti-Semitic ideas.
• Discrimination and
violent attacks
against Jews
continued.
• Anti-Jewish riots
broke out in an
attack called
Kristallnacht.
• Jews were sent to
concentration
camps, killed, and
fined for the attack.
Fleeing Germany
• Over 100,000
managed to leave
Germany after
Kristallnacht.
• Others found it
difficult to leave the
country as Nazi laws
had left many without
money or property.
• Many countries were
unwilling to take in
poor immigrants.
• The United States
limited the number of
Germans immigrants.
Kristallnacht
• Name given to the first major attack on the Jewish
population of Germany and Austria, on November 9-10,
1938. The “Night of the Broken Glass”
• Both the SS and general population participated in
burning hundreds of synagogues, shops, and houses.
• Jewish-owned assets were attacked: shop windows
were shattered, merchandise was looted, assets were
demolished, synagogues were destroyed
• Thirty thousand Jews were arrested and deported.
• Strong protests from the West had no effect on Nazi
policy
Nazi Anti-Semitism
• What was the history of Nazi antiSemitism?
• Define – What were the Nuremberg
Laws?
• Summarize – Why was it difficult for
Jews to leave Germany?
The Nazi Government’s Final
Solution
•
World War II brought many of Europe’s 9 million Jews under the control of
the Nazi SS.
•
Concentration camps were built in Germany and in other countries that the
Germans occupied.
– The camps were prisons for Jews and others considered enemies of Hitler’s
regime.
– Conditions in the camps were horrific.
•
The Nazis also established ghettos to control and punish Jews.
– Ghettos are neighborhoods in a city to which a group of people are confined.
– Life in the Jewish ghettos was desperate.
– The worst ghetto was in Warsaw, Poland.
•
In 1941 Hitler called for the total destruction of all of Europe’s Jews.
– At first mobile killing units—Einsatzgruppen—massacred Jews.
– Then, Nazi officials adopted a plan known as the Final Solution.
The Nuremberg Race Laws - 1935
• The laws excluded German Jews from Reich citizenship.
• Prohibited them from marrying or having sexual relations
with persons of "German or related blood.“
• Anyone who had three or four Jewish grandparents was
defined as a Jew. Even people with Jewish grandparents
who had converted to Christianity were defined as Jews.
• Jewish workers and managers were dismissed, and the
ownership of most Jewish businesses was taken over by
non-Jewish Germans.
• Jews were required to carry identity cards, but the
government added special identifying marks to theirs: a
red "J" stamped on them and new middle names for all
those Jews who did not possess recognizably "Jewish"
first names -- "Israel" for males, "Sara" for females.
EINSATZGRUPPEN (MOBILE KILLING UNITS)
•
Squads of German SS and police personnel who murdered over
one million Jews and other victims, usually though mass shootings.
• The Einsatzgruppen had among their tasks the mass murder of
those perceived to be racial or political enemies found behind the
front lines in the occupied Soviet Union. These victims included
Jews (men, women, and children), Roma (Gypsies), and officials of
the Soviet state and the Soviet Communist party.
• The Einsatzgruppen also murdered thousands of residents of
institutions for the mentally disabled. Many scholars believe that the
systematic killing of Jews in the occupied Soviet Union by
Einsatzgruppen and German Order Police (Ordnungspolizei)
battalions was the first step of the so-called “Final Solution,” the Nazi
program to murder all of the European Jews.
Transport to the Concentration Camps (04:26)
Arrival at the Concentration Camps (02:28)
Life in the Concentration Camps (04:52)
Concentration Camps, Ghettos,
and the Final Solution
Camps
Ghettos
• Prisons for Jews,
prisoners-of-war,
and enemies of the
Nazi regime
• Walls or fences kept
the Jews inside and
those trying to leave
were shot.
• Inmates received
little food and were
forced to labor.
• Food was scarce;
starvation was
rampant.
• The combination of
overwork and
starvation was
intended to kill.
• Diseases spread
rapidly.
• Punishment for
minor offenses was
swift, sure, and
deadly.
• Some Jews in the
Warsaw ghetto—the
Jewish Fighting
Organization—fought
back.
• The worst ghetto was
in Warsaw, Poland.
The Final Solution
• Genocide – the
killing of an entire
people
• Involved building 6
new extermination
camps for Jews
• Inmates were
exposed to poison
gas in specially built
chambers.
• 3 million Jews died in
extermination camps.
• 3 million Jews and 5
million others were
killed by the Nazi
using other means.
Arriving at Auschwitz
• Most people arrested and transported to death
camps by the Nazis knew the terrible fate that
awaited them.
• Victor Frankl, a doctor from Austria, described
his terror upon arriving at Auschwitz.
– “The train shunted, obviously nearing the main
station. Suddenly a cry broke from the ranks of the
anxious passengers. ‘There is a sign, Auschwitz!’
Everyone’s heart missed a beat at that moment.
Auschwitz- the very name stood for all that horrible:
gas chambers, crematoriums, massacres…. My
imagination led to see gallows with people dangling
on them. I was horrified.”
Operation Reinhard (Killing Centers)
•
•
•
•
•
•
Operation Reinhard German camp workers were not told of the program goals and their precise
duties until they reached the centers. Then the SS swore them to absolute secrecy. Each worker
signed a pledge that contained the following commitments:
1. I have been instructed that under no circumstances will I discuss with anyone outside
of OR co-workers anything dealing with the operation.
2. I understand the top secrecy of "any of the occurrences of the so-called Jewish
Relocation"
3. I may not take any pictures.
4. "I promise to keep my word to the best of my ability."
5. I understand that after completion of my service, this oath of secrecy will still apply.[38]
Himmler replaced the mobile killing units with stationary death factories, and the gas chamber
period began. The authorities had no intention of accommodating prisoners in the killing centers
for any length of time -they exterminated them almost immediately upon arrival..
The Nazis built Sobibor, Belzec, Treblinka, and Chelmno as killing centers for the sole purpose
of extermination the Jews of Europe and as many Gypsies as could be found. All four were
constructed on Polish soil primarily because of the widespread Polish railway system, which had
stations in the smallest towns.
In addition, the Polish countryside, which was densely forested and thinly populated, made
secrecy possible.
Not one killing center existed longer than seventeen months. The SS obliterated each of them,
intending to remove all traces.
Polish scholars estimate conservatively that in these four camps, 2,000,000 Jews and 52,000
Gypsies, one third of whom were children, were killed. Yes, the concentration camps had their
gas vans, their gas chambers, their crematoria, and their mass graves. People were shot in
them, given injections, gassed, and hundreds of thousands died of starvation and disease. But
even in Birkenau, where some have estimated that 1,000,000 Jews were killed, there was a
chance of life. In the killing centers the only inmates kept alive for a short time were those
selected to process the bodies of their fellow Jews .
The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 1943 (04:56)
The Annihilation of the Jews: The "Final Solution" Begins (06:08)
Death in the Concentration Camps (2:56)
Toward the Final Solution
• What was the Nazi governments Final
Solution?
• Describe – What were conditions in the
Nazi concentration camps like?
• Develop – Why do you think the Nazis
were determined to exterminate Jews and
other groups?
The American response to the
Holocaust
• Despite knowing about Hitler’s policies toward the Jews and
events such as Kristallnacht, American immigration limited the
number of Jews who could move to the United States.
• In 1942, Americans officials began to hear about what was
happening to the Jews in Europe and specifically about Hitler’s
Final Solution.
– The Americans were doubtful at first and thought the reports might just
be war rumors.
• Finally in 1944, Roosevelt created the War Refugee Board.
– This includes the establishment of safe havens, evacuation of
endangered people from Nazi-occupied territories, and delivery of
relief supplies into concentration camps.
– Through this board, the United States was able to help 200,000 Jews.
The Death March from the Concentration Camps (04:08)
Liberation (05:56)
The American Response
Liberating the Nazi Camps
The Nuremberg trials
• In 1944, Soviet troops began to
discover some of the Nazi death
camps. By 1945 they reached the
huge extermination camp at
Auschwitz.
• Many Nazis faced trial for their
roles in the Holocaust.
• Their reports gave proof of Hitler’s
terrible plan.
• The court was called the
International Military Tribunal.
• Also in 1945, American soldiers
came upon concentration camps.
• Twenty two Nazis were tried for
war crimes, including Hermann
Göering.
• Many camp inmates died after
being rescued, but some were still
strong enough to survive.
• The court was located at
Nuremberg, Germany.
• Since Nuremberg, several Nazis
have been captured and tried in
different courts, including Israel.
Military Leaders Face Trial for War Crimes (01:20)
The Nuremburg Trials and the Lessons of World War II (00:49)
The Nuremburg Trials and the Lessons of World War II (00:49)
The American Response
• How did the United States respond to the
Holocaust?
• Recall – How did Americans first get proof
of Hitlers Final Solution?
• Summarize – What conditions did
American and British forces discover at
the Nazi concentration camps?
• Evaluate – Considering the number of
deaths in the concentration camps, do you
think justice was carried out when only 22
Nazis were tried for war crimes?
¡ IT SEEMS IMPOSSIBLE !
GENERAL DWIGHT D.
EISENHOWER WAS RIGHT
WHEN HE GAVE THE ORDER
TO MAKE AS MANY FILMS AND
PHOTOGRAPHS
THE HOLOCAUST
TOOK PLACE EXACTLY AS PLANNED BY THE NAZIS
NEARLY SIXTY YRS AGO…
Supreme Comander of the Allied Forces, Gen. DWIGHT D.
EISENHOWER ordered to have as many photographs taken as
possible, and had the german population of the surrounding cities
taken to the concentration camps to see the HORROR, and in
some cases had them bury the dead.
AND THE REASON FOR
THIS ? HE EXPLAINED IT
THIS WAY; ``TO
COLLECT AS MUCH
PROOF, FILMS,
TESTIMONIES, BECAUSE
THE DAY WILL COME
WHEN SOMEONE WILL
SAY THAT THIS NEVER
HAPPENED´´
‘ALL THAT IS NEEDED FOR
EVIL TO SUCCEED IS,
THAT DECENT HUMAN
BEINGS DO NOTHING’.
(Edmund Burke)
THIS IS AN
INTIMIDATING OMEN
CONCERNING THE FEAR
THAT IS AFFECTING THE
WORLD, AND EACH
COUNTRY IS ALLOWING
ITSELF TO BE CARRIED
AWAY TOO EASILY.
MORE THAN 60 YRS HAVE PASSED SINCE THE END OF W.W. II.
A REMINDER FOR ALL
HUMANITY, IN MEMORY
OF 6 MILLION JEWS, 20
MILLION RUSSIANS, 10
MILLION CHRISTIANS,
PRIESTS, MURDERED,
SLAUGHTERED, RAPED,
BURNT, HUMILIATED,
IN THE MEANTIME
GERMANY AND RUSSIA
HAD OTHER
PRIORITIES....