Download Retaking Europe & The Holocaust

Retaking
Europe
World War II
Warm-up
Match the following;
1. Montgomery A. Allied commander
2. Patton
B. Invasion of Italy
3. Rommel
C. British Comm. In Africa
4. Eisenhower
D. German Comm. In Africa
Warm-up
Match the following;
1. Operation Overlord
A. Russia
2. Operation Barbarossa
B. Italy
3. Operation Torch
C. Africa
RETAKING EUROPE
The liberation of Europe from Axis
control and the defeat of Hitler’s
Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy
The Atlantic Charter
• Winston Churchill and Franklin
Roosevelt met in August, 1941
(in secret aboard the HMS
Prince of Wales) to decide their
goals for the war
– Both sign THE
ATLANTIC
CHARTER
– Outline of allied war
goals (Later, this
will form the basis
of the United
Nations)
Battle of the Atlantic
• Winning control of Atlantic
shipping lanes to allow movement
of military from the United States
to Europe.
Battle of the Atlantic
• “Rattlesnakes of the Atlantic” -FDR
• German u-boats worked in “wolf packs” to
sink Allied shipping in the Atlantic.
Battle of the Atlantic
• Keys to Allied victory
– Convoys
Battle of the Atlantic
• Keys to Allied victory
– Convoys
– Sonar (Sound Navigation and Ranging)
Battle of the Atlantic
• Keys to Allied victory
– Convoys
– Sonar
– Air patrols
Battle of the Atlantic
• Keys to Allied victory
– Convoys
– Sonar
– Air patrols
– Allies capture ENIGMA
North African Campaign
• 1941: Hitler sends
General Irwin
Rommel “Desert
Fox” & German
Afrika Corps to
reinforce Italians
The “Desert Fox”
Advances
Rommel pushed deep
into Britishcontrolled Egypt
attempting to
capture areas of
Middle East for oil &
Suez Canal
Battle of EL ALAMEIN
• British forces under General Bernard
Montgomery defeat Rommel’s Afrika
Corps in Egypt.
• Turning point of the war in North Africa
OPERATION TORCH
Allied operation to capture German Afrika Corps. American forces
under General Dwight Eisenhower land to the west; Montgomery’s
British forces push Germans from the east. German Afrika Corps
trapped and surrender.
Casablanca Conference
• FDR & Churchill agreed to concentrate
Allied resources on Europe first, and
the Pacific second
Stalin and FDR & Churchill
• The Big Three. Joseph Stalin premier of
the Soviet Union, Franklin D. Roosevelt
President of the United States, and Winston
Churchill Prime Minister of Great Britain
“Uncle Joe”
• Communist dictator
Joseph Stalin was
also part of the
Allied powers.
• Strange and
strained alliance.
• Communism &
Democracy.
Stalin and Western Allies
• Stalin wanted the
British and the
Americans to open a
western front in Europe
against Germany to
take pressure off the
embattled Red Army
fighting against the
German invaders in
Russia.
• FDR and Churchill
delayed because the
Western armies were
not prepared to begin
such an assault.
Invasion of
Italy
“The Soft
Underbelly
of the Axis”
FDR & Churchill
decide to invade the
weaker AXIS power –
Italy.
Invasion of Italy
July 1943: U.S. 7th Army under General
George Patton invaded Sicily
Mussolini Overthrown
• Italians lost faith in Mussolini, voted to
remove him from office, arrested him
– is “captured” by the Germans and
evacuated to northern Italy
• Italy surrenders September 8, 1943
• Fighting continues
Invasion of Italy
• January, 1944 the
Allis invaded Anzio
Beach, Italy (35 miles
South of Rome)
Italian Campaign
• The German forces in Italy were
trapped but continued to fight.
• June, 1944 Allied forces occupy
Rome.
• May 1, 1945: Germans surrendered
– Mussolini was shot and killed by the
Italians
April 28 1945,
Benito
Mussolini and
his mistress
Clara Petacci
were shot and
hanged. His
last words
were,“Shoot
me in the
chest.”
War in the Soviet Union
OPERATION BARBAROSSA
June 22, 1941: Hitler broke the Non-Aggression Pact &
invaded the Soviet Union
HITLER’S GREATEST MISTAKE DURING
THE WAR. (Two-front war)
Stalin orders a scorched earth policy
destroy everything that might be useful
to the enemy
Stalin asks for help from the Allies – FDR
extends the Lend Lease Act to the
Soviets
RUSSIAN WINTER
• Advance of the German army stopped by
severe Russian winter weather.
Battle of Stalingrad
• Russians are able to regain ground in the summer
of 1942
• September 1942: Germans launch fierce
campaign of firebombing and shelling (2 months)
of the city of Stalingrad
Stalingrad
http://www.stalingrad.com.ru/history/foto/zelma_05-08/assault_6.jpg
Battle of Stalingrad
• January 1943: 90,000 German troops
surrender to the Soviet Red Army
• Turning Point of the war in Eastern
Europe
Allied Air War
• Strategic precision Bombing: planes
scattered large numbers of bombs over
a small specific area
– Destroy specific targets (daylight raids)
– B-17’s rained bombs on German aircraft
factories, railway lines, bridges, and cities
Allied Air War
• Strategic Carpet Bombing: planes scattered large
numbers of bombs over a wide area
– Destroy German cities including military targets
– Destroy German ability and German people’s will
to continue war.
Dresden after bombing
raid --
D-DAY
The Great Crusade to liberate Western Europe
from Adolf Hitler’s stranglehold
Invasion of Western Europe
• Code name
“Operation
Overlord”
• Allied invasion of Western
Europe
– Dwight D. Eisenhower
named Supreme Allied
Commander in Western
Europe
Invasion of Western Europe
January 1944 Allies begin massive military
buildup in Southern England
Hitler’s Atlantic Wall
– Germany had to fortify defenses along entire
French coast
– Germany knew an invasion was coming – They
just didn’t know WHEN or WHERE
General Erwin Rommel
• Rommel placed in command of German
defenses in France.
• To stop invasion had to stop invading
army when it hit the beach.
Where
• Allies wanted
Hitler to believe
invasion would
be at Calais –
The shortest
distance across
the English
Channel.
Allied Deception
• General Patton put in command of fake
army stationed in England across
channel from Calais.
GARBO
• British double agent.
• Hitler thought ‘Garbo’
was a spy working for
Nazi Germany.
• British used Garbo to
deceive Hitler.
• On D-Day would
convince Hitler that
invasion force was
going to attack Calais
and force at Normandy
was a diversion.
OVERLOARD
OPERATION OVERLORAD
OPERATION OVERLORD
• Airborne divisions
drop behind German
defenses and cut off
German
reinforcements from
interior.
OPERATION OVERLORD
• Allied bombers were
bomb German
defenses at
Normandy.
OPERATION OVERLORD
• At 0600, Allied
troops would land
on Normandy
beaches.
OPERATION OVERLORD
• Beaches code
named
–
–
–
–
–
Utah (U.S.)
Omaha (U.S.)
Gold (British)
Juno (Canadian)
Sword (British)
Bad Weather
• Invasion set for June 5.
• Storm over the English
channel delayed
invasion
• Weather man predicts
break in the storm.
• Eisenhower orders
invasion to GO
• Rommel’s weather man
predicts storm without
break. Rommel goes
back to Germany to
celebrate his wife’s
birthday.
Allied Armada Sets Sail
Across the Channel
Airborne Divisions
Prepare for Assualt
“Ike” meets with 101st Airborne
before the mission
Eisenhower addressing the
Paratroopers of 101st Airborne
Airborne Troops Load
onto Gliders
Paratroopers of the 101st
Airborne await drop
Airborne Troops seize
bridges and roads
D-Day Landing Craft –“Higgins
Boats”
Troops Landing at Normandy
Beaches
Landing at Normandy Beaches
Infantry Forces Landing
at the Normandy Beaches
Beach Obstacles
The fighting to establish a
beachhead
D-Day Invasion
• 155,000
troops are
transported
from
Southern
England to
Normandy,
France
Gather the Dead & Wounded
Moving From the
Normandy Beaches to the
Interior
Omaha
Beach
2,000+
casualties
Liberating France
• August, 1944: Patton used blitzkrieg to
encircle & destroy German forces
• August 25, 1944: Paris officially liberated
– Gen. Charles de Gaulle prepared to take
charge of the city
The Battle of the Bulge
• Mid-September, 1944: parts of
Belgium and the Netherlands are
liberated
• Hitler reinforces the army and
launched a counterattack in Belgium
& Luxembourg
– Smashed into U.S. 1st Army and pushed
it back – forming a bulge in the Allied
line
• Largest battle in Western Europe in WWII
• Largest battle fought by U.S. Army
• Involved +600,000 troops
– 80,000 killed, wounded, or captured
– German loses = 100,000
Soviet Forces Advance
• U.S. troops pushed from the West
• Soviet troops pushed from the East
– At any given time +9 million soldiers
were fighting on the Eastern Front
– Soviets lost 11 million; Germans lost 9
million
– Soviet leaders considered the capture of
Berlin a matter of honor
Soviets Take Berlin
• April, 1945: Soviets entered Berlin
• April 30th: Hitler commits suicide
• May 8th: German soldiers surrendered
V-E Day
Victory in
Europe
Day
May 7,
1945
Yalta Conference
• Feb. 1945: Churchill, FDR, & Stalin meet in
Yalta (Soviet Union)
– Planned the final defeat of Germany
– Decide the shape of the postwar world
– Agreed to split Germany in 4 parts (each would be
controlled by one of the major Allies)
– Agreed upon the division of Berlin
– Stalin promised to allow elections in Eastern
European countries liberated from the Germans
– Stalin also promised to enter the war against
Japan within 3 months of Germany’s surrender