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Bell Ringer On a scale of 0-4 how much do you know about WWII? What is one thing you would like to know about America’s involvement in WWII? A World in Flames Chapter 24 America and the World Wilson intended for democracy to be spread throughout the world Instead, the treaty along with the economic depression that followed lead to the rise of antidemocratic governments in Europe and Asia There are four major anti-democracies that arise during this time: Mussolini and Fascism in Italy, Stalin and Communism in the USSR, Hitler and Nazism in Germany, and Militarists in Japan America and the World Benito Mussolini returned from WWI convinced that Italy needed a stronger leader In 1919 he founded the Fascist Party Fascists say that the nation is more important than the individual, that individualism makes a country weak It also believes that a strong government comes from a dictatorship that expands territory and building up its military Mussolini was backed by Blackshirts, or Fascist militia, who “defended” Rome from Communists The King was persuaded into appointing Mussolini as the premier, where he quickly turned Italy into a dictatorship—in which he was the dictator America and the World Vladimir Lenin lead the Bolshevik Party by uniting the Russian Empire (USSR) and spreading communism throughout Lenin established control over these territories and instituted one-party rule, suppressed individual liberties and punished opponents When Lenin died, Joseph Stalin became dictator and killed 8 to 10 million peasants who resisted the Communist policies America and the World Adolf Hitler was an anticommunist and an admirer of Mussolini Hitler fought for Germany in WWI The Versailles Treaty left him with hatred for the Allies and the German government who accepted the treaty The political and economic chaos lead to new political parties such as the National Socialist German Workers’ Party, or Nazi Party—which did not represent workers but rather focused on nationalism and anticommunism America and the World The Nazis tried to march on Munich and then try to take Germany by marching on Berlin, the capital—Hitler was arrested While in prison he wrote Mein Kampf or “My Struggle” which said all German should unite under one government and that Germany belong to the blond, blue-eyed that were part of the “master race” called Aryans He called for Germany to expand into Poland and Russia He believed that Slavic people belonged to an inferior race and that Jews were to blame for Germany’s defeat and the world’s problems America and the World After his release from prison, Hitler changed tactics, he went from violence to trying to get Nazis elected to the Reichstag, or lower Parliament When the Great Depression struck, many Germans began voting for radical parties such as Nazis and Communists, by `32 the Nazis were the largest party in the Reichstag America and the World Many German leaders felt that if they helped Hitler into leadership, they could control him In 1933, Hitler was appointed chancellor, or prime minister Once in power, Hitler ordered Storm Troopers (Nazi paramilitary units) to intimidate voters away from Socialist and Communist parties By 1934 Hitler became president, renamed it fuhrer, and a year later began rebuilding the military in violation of the Treaty of Versailles America and the World Economic hardship helped undermine the political system of Japan as well Japan was having to import nearly all their resources In the 20s Japan didn’t earn enough from exports to pay for imports, leading to unemployment and limited economic growth When the Depression struck, many countries raised tariffs making the problem worse Many Japanese blamed corrupt politicians and believed that Japan was destined to dominate East Asia; they also felt that democracy was “un-Japanese” America and the World Japanese officers, acting without the government’s permission, invaded Manchuria as a way to get needed resources The Japanese prime minister tried to end the war, but was assassinated by Japanese officers which effectively lead to military rule over Japan The military rulers were appointed as prime ministers and the nationalist policy was to expand the empire America and the World The rise of dictatorships made Americans discouraged about the sacrifices they had made to get involved in WWI Americans began to support isolationism again, or the idea that to avoid going to war, America should avoid international commitments These ideas became stronger in the 30s because the only debtor nation to repay WWI debts was Finland and dozens of books and articles appeared arguing that weapons manufactures tricked the US into WWI The Nye Committee investigated the US’s involvement in WWI, finding that arms factories made huge profits and made the impression that these businesses influenced the US to go to war America and the World Congress passed the Neutrality Act of 1935 which made it illegal to sell arms to any country at war, due to the Spanish Civil War, the US added to the act by saying sales to either side of a civil war was also illegal During the Spanish Civil War Fancisco Franco lead the Fascists against other groups such as the Communists Russia supported the communists, Hitler and Mussolini supported Franco America and the World Hitler and Mussolini signed an agreement pledging to cooperate, creating the Rome-Berlin Axis Shortly after this Japan allied itself with Germany by signing the Anti-Comintern Pact, requiring the two countries exchange info about Communist groups Together Germany, Japan and Italy became known as the Axis Powers, although they did not become allies until Sept. 1940 America and the World With the situation in Europe getting worse, the US passed the Neutrality Act of 1937 which created a “cash and carry” policy for all goods sold to warring nations—those nations had to come pick up their goods, and pay cash, no loans allowed The reason they did this was to avoid going to war over attacks on merchant ships—one of the reasons the US went into WWI America and the World FDR knew that fixing the Depression was the most important problem at the time He was not an isolationist however, he believed in internationalism which says that trade between countries creates prosperity and helps prevent war He did believed that the US should try to preserve world peace FDR warned that the neutrality acts may cause us to go to war instead of keeping us out, but he did not veto them, since the public supported neutrality America and the World When Japan launched a full attack on China, FDR sent help to China, saying that the Neutrality Acts did not apply since neither country officially declared war FDR warned the nation that we should not stand by and let lawlessness infect the world Americans ignored FDR, refusing to risk another war, to which he replied “It is a terrible thing to look over your shoulder when you are trying to lead—and find no one there” World War II Begins It is not known whether FDR could have negotiated peace with Hitler, what is known is that once Hitler raised his army, he was bent on conquest and many European leaders gave into his demands, hoping for peace, rather than trying to stop him Some wanted to avoid a bloody conflict like WWI, some thought that Hitler was not being unreasonable and others believed that the Nazis would be interested in peace once they gained more territory World War II Begins Hitler first turned his attention to Austria and Czechoslovakia By seizing them he would gain food supplies, defensible frontiers, and soldiers for Germany He threatened to invade Austria, but the chancellor gave in, which lead to Hitler announcing Anschluss, or unification with Germany World War II Begins People accepted Hitler taking Austria, since the two countries had so much in common When Hitler went after Czechoslovakia, it was a democracy backed by France and the Soviet Union Germany demanded the Sudetenland, part of Czechoslovakia, so France said they would fight, as did the SU and the British prime minister, Neville Chamberlain However, to prevent another war, Britain, France, Germany and Italy met in Munich, and decided on appeasement, giving concessions to Hitler in exchange for peace—Czechoslovakia had to turn over the Sudetenland World War II Begins Supporters of appeasement assumed that Hitler would be satisfied Chamberlain was buying time for the British army, since they were not prepared yet That following March, Germany went into Czechoslovakia and broke of the country creating Slovakia, a German satellite state, and Czech lands a German protectorate World War II Begins After the Munich Conference, Hitler turned his sights on Poland He demanded that Danzig, a Baltic Sea port, be returned to Germany and that a highway and RR be put across the Polish Corridor, which separated Germany from Prussia (a German state) This convinced France and Britain that appeasement had failed; Britain and France declared they would help Poland if Germany attacked World War II Begins Germany proposed a nonaggression treaty with the Soviets, who agreed Stalin believed the way to stay safe was to turn the capitalist nations against each other, and when Germany attacked, USSR would be safe The Nazi-Soviet pact shocked the world since they were supposed to be against each other France and Britain knew that the deal freed Hitler for war against Poland, what they did not know was that USSR and Germany secretly planned to divide Poland World War II Begins On Sept. 1, 1939 Germany invaded Poland, on Sept. 3, Britain and France declared war on Germany, officially starting WWII Poland resisted Germany, but the Germans used a new type of warfare called blitzkrieg or lightening war—using large numbers of massed tanks to break through and encircle the enemy, then used aircraft and paratroopers to cut supply lines On September 27 the Polish capital of Warsaw fell and by October 5 the Polish army was defeated World War II Begins Western Europe remained quiet during the sitzkrieg, or sitting war (the British called it the Bore War, and the Americans called it the Phony War) where both sides sat on the defense waiting for the other to attack During WWI the French had developed the Maginot Line, a concrete barrier on the German-French boarder where the French waited for the Germans This allowed the Germans to focus on Poland before moving on to France and Britain World War II Begins After Poland, Hitler attacked Norway and Denmark before invading France (which only took one month for Germany to control) Hitler decided to go around the Maginot Line by attacking the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Belgium When Hitler attacked he came through Luxembourg, while the British and French expected him to come through Belgium, the Germans easily came through France, to the English Channel, trapping British and French forces in the Belgium World War II Begins The Germans drove the surviving French and British troops toward the English Channel The Allies knew they needed to escape by sea, but Germany controlled all northern French ports except Dunkirk As Hitler closed in on the forces at Dunkirk, he ordered them to stop (no one knows why) This gave Britain a three day delay to evacuate what they thought would be about 45,000 troops, instead everything from warships to civilian sailboats rescued 338,000 British and French troops World War II Begins The evacuation left a large amount of the British’s supplies at Dunkirk On June 22, 1940 France surrendered in the same railway car in which the Germans surrendered in WWI, giving Germany most of northern France and it’s Atlantic coastline Hitler then set up a puppet government to run France World War II Begins Winston Churchill took Neville Chamberlain’s place as prime minister He declared that Britain would never surrender, so Hitler ordered an attack The challenge for Germany was getting to Britain, the waters of the channel were choppy and Germany had few ships, the British air force would sink them Germany knew they had to defeat the air force to attack Britain World War II Begins In June 1940, the Luftwaffe, or German air force, attacked British shipping, then they launched an air battle to take out the British Royal Air Force The air battle lasted into the fall, became known as the Battle of Britain On Aug. 23 German bombers accidentally bombed London, causing rage by the British, who bombed Berlin the next night (the first time bombs were dropped in Berlin) The British endured the bombing by using newly developed radar and hiding in subways when they saw German planes coming The British fighters inflicted more losses than they suffered, leading to Hitler canceling the invasion of Britain View of a V-1 rocket in flight, ca. 1944. Aircraft spotter on the roof of a building in London. St. Paul's Cathedral is in the background. "Children of an eastern suburb of London, who have been made homeless by the random bombs of the Nazi night raiders, waiting outside the wreckage of what was their home." Bell Ringer The American public did not truly take in the horror of Adolf Hitler’s regime until years after the existence of concentration camps was first reported in American newspapers. Partly this was the fault of the media, which did not give prominent placement to news of the Holocaust. What other factors do you think contributed to the long delay in understanding the Holocaust? Common Board Objective: Learning Goal/Standard: Students will analyze the Holocaust (Hitler’s “final solution”), its impact on Jews and other groups, and postwar trials of war criminals. SS.912.A.6.3—Analyze the impact of the Holocaust during World War II on the Jews as well as other groups Essential Question: Could the United States have done more to prevent the Holocaust? Self-Reflection It’s quite possible that you already know a lot about the Holocaust. Rate yourself 0-4 on how well you think you know it (0 being I’ve never heard it, 2 being I know some key terms and main ideas, 4 being you could teach it) If you are a 0-2 write what you do know about the Holocaust and then say what you would like to know. If you are a 3-4 what can you do to expand your understanding beyond just memorizing facts The Holocaust The Holocaust occurred when Nazis killed nearly 6 million Jews and millions of other people they considered inferior Shoah is the Hebrew word for catastrophe, is now used specifically for The Nazi campaign to exterminate Jews Once the Nazis took over, they put Hitler’s radical ideas in place, persecuted anyone who opposed them, were disabled, Gypsies, homosexuals, Slavic people and Jews The Holocaust In Sept. 1935 the Nazis put the Nuremberg Laws in place which took citizenship away from Jewish Germans and banned marriage between Jews and other Germans Two months later, they defined Jews as anyone with at least one Jewish grandparent, and denied them from voting or holding office Jews with German-sounding names had to take Jewish names, and “J” was marked on their passports Jews found it very hard to live since they were not allowed to work anywhere Many Jews refused to move during early Nazi rule, not wanting to give up the life they had made, also they thought it had to get better soon With a partner… Discuss the following: Why did people go along with things like the Nuremburg Laws? The Holocaust A young Jew killed a German diplomat in Paris as retaliation for the treatment of Jews Hitler ordered a staged attacks that made it look like a spontaneous reaction to the news The killing spree became known as Kristallnacht or “night of broken glass”—where 90 Jews died, thousands of businesses were destroyed and nearly 200 synagogues were wreaked The Gestapo, German secret police, arrested 20,000 wealthy Jews releasing them only if they would emigrate and surrender all their possessions The Nazis also ordered that the Jewish community pay for the damage done during Kristallnacht On a scale… Rate how you understand the Nazis’ goals in carrying out Kristallnacht. The Holocaust Many Jews began trying to escape, including Albert Einstein and Otto Frank In 1938 the American consulate in Stuttgart, Germany received 100,000 applications for visas Many would not receive visas to the US or any other country, leaving them stuck in Nazi territories With a partner… Discuss the following: knowing what they knew then, did the United States have a moral obligation to allow German Jews to immigrate here? Why do you think they refused? The Holocaust The idea of allowing immigration in the US was not popular for several reasons First, the public feared they would have to take care of the Jews since they were not allowed to take any wealth when leaving the country Second, other countries were not accepting them Third, unemployment was already high due to the Great Depression, and people did not want to raise the 150,000 limit allowed in the country The Holocaust Ships still departed with Jews crammed on them even though Mexico, Paraguay, Argentina and Costa Rica refused to allow Jews with fake documents The SS St. Louis entered Havana, Cuba with 930 refugees which Cuba refused to take; They circled off the coast of Florida trying to get the US to take them, but the US also refused They returned to Europe where most died in the Nazi’s “final solution” The Holocaust In Jan. of 1942 Nazi leaders met at the Wannsee Conference to determine the “final solution of the Jewish question” Some solutions had included shooting them and piling them in mass graves while others said to pile them in trucks and pump exhaust fumes to kill them At Wannsee the Nazis planned to put healthy people to work in concentration camps until they dropped dead and put old, young and infirm in extermination camps, where they would be gassed to death The Holocaust The Nazis established their first concentration camp in 1933 Buchenwald was the first and largest but had no gas chambers, but hundreds died as a result of exhaustion and living conditions Most extermination camps were built in Poland, including Treblinka and Auschwitz Auschwitz alone housed 100,000 people in 300 prison barracks; the gas chamber killed 2,000 people at a time and killed 12,000 people in a day An estimated 1.6 million died there, 1.3 million were Jews On a scale… On a scale of 1 – 4, rate your knowledge of the Holocaust. With a partner… There have been countless instances of genocide throughout history; even in the modern day, we hear of massive bloodshed as people are murdered simply because of who they are. Discuss why you think we pay so much attention to the Holocaust in Germany as opposed to other instances of genocide? What makes the Holocaust so interesting to us? Why is the Holocaust historically significant? Exit ticket and Assignment Looking back at what you wrote at the beginning of the lesson, did you learn something new? If you were already comfortable with the material, did you gain any new insight or did any of your thoughts change Explain Assignment: Continue conducting research for your essay that is due on Friday. If finished with that, begin working on vocabulary. Your next test is April 23rd! Bell Ringer What is significant about December 7, 1941? If you don’t know, make your best educated guess. America Enters the War Shortly after the war started, FDR asked Congress to revise the neutrality laws Public backed dropping the ban on arms sales to warring nations, but isolationists asked for weapons to be paid for in cash and shipped on the buyers ships FDR gave Britain 50 old destroyers in exchange for bases, since there was no “sale” the neutrality acts didn’t apply America Enters the War The public supported FDR in his deal, showing a change in the public who now supported limited aid to the Allies Opinion was not unified though; at one extreme was Fight for Freedom Committee who urged the repeal of the Neutrality Acts and stronger action against Germany, on the other side was the America First Committee who was strict isolationists The election of 1940 showed that the public wanted to keep a president they knew America Enters the War After the election FDR stated that Britain fought for democracy and we had to help He said that the US and Britain stood for the four basic freedoms: Freedom on speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want and freedom from fear FDR came up with the Lend-Lease Act which allowed the US to lend or lease arms to any country “vital to the defense of the US”—this opened the door to send weapons to Britain By the end, the US had contributed more than 40B in supplies to Allies This aide would help the SU as well after Hitler violated the Nazi-Soviet pact and Churchill and FDR said anyone who fights Nazism will have their support America Enters the War FDR still had to figure out how to get the arms to Britain, since the US was still neutral He declared the Western part of the Atlantic part of the Western Hemisphere, thus neutral allowing the US Navy to patrol it and reveal German sub locations In Aug. 1941 Churchill and FDR met on warships and agreed on the Atlantic Charter which said the two leaders would enforce a post war democracy for the world, nonaggression, free trade, economic advancement and freedom of the seas America Enters the War Churchill had said that FDR was going to force an incident to open hostilities with Germany He didn’t have to though; in Sept. German U-boat fired on the American destroyer Greer which lead to FDR ordering “shoot-on-sight” policy toward Germany subs Germans retaliated by sinking the Reuben James killing 115 sailors and creating a tense standoff in the North Atlantic America Enters the War FDR’s policies toward helping Britain lead to Japan’s attack on the US When WWII started, Britain had much of their Navy in the Pacific protecting its empire FDR started putting economic pressure on Japan to keep them from attacking Britain Congress passed the Export Control Act which allowed the president to restrict the sale of strategic materials (used for fighting a war) FDR blocked the sale of airplane fuel and scrap iron to Japan, who retaliated by signing a formal alliance with the Axis Powers America Enters the War FDR thought that his aid to China would have stopped Japan’s threat to Britain, but it failed so FDR froze all Japanese assets in the US and sent MacArthur to the Philippines to build defense there FDR said he would lift the embargo if Japan withdrew from Indochina and made peace with China Japan decided to attack British and Dutch colonies as well as the Philippines and Pearl Harbor America Enters the War The thing that finally drew America into the war was the attack on Pearl Harbor Japan pretended to go along with negotiations, however, US Intelligence recovered Japanese communications that made it clear Japan was preparing to go to war with the US Commanders at Pearl Harbor received notice that Japan was going to attack, but Pearl Harbor was not mentioned Lack of communication lead to the devastating attack, on December 7, 1941 Japan sank or damaged 21 ships, 188 airplanes and killed 2,403 Americans The next day FDR asked Congress for a declaration of war which the Senate voted 82-0 and the House 388-1 in favor of war on Japan USS SHAW exploding during the Japanese raid on Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941 America Enters the War Hitler did not have to declare war on America because of the alliance (that was only if Japan was attacked first) but he grew tired of American attacks on German subs He assumed the Japanese would easily take out the US in the Pacific He hoped that by helping Japan now, he could count on them to help with the Soviets after the US was defeated On Dec. 11, 1941 Italy and Germany declared war on the US