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Bell Ringer Define “genocide”. What racial or ethnic or cultural groups are you aware in the past or present against which genocide has been committed? The Holocaust →Chapter 14 Section 4 Genocide Deliberate murder of an entire people Objectives ●Explain how the persecution of Jews and other minorities increased in Germany under the Nazis in the 1930s. ●Describe how the Nazis carried out their plans for genocide. Holocaust Nazi Germany’s systematic murder of European Jews. Anti-Semitism Hostility toward Jews concentration camp Places where prisoners of war and political prisoners are confined, usually under harsh conditions. Kristallnicht “Night of the Broken Glass”; Night of 11/9 and 11/10 1938 where Nazi thugs in Germany and Austria looted and destroyed Jewish stores, houses and synagogues. Mass arrests of Jews followed. Wannsee Conference January 1942 – government officials met to announce a plan for “the final solution to the Jewish question”; Called for establishing concentration camps in rural areas of Germany and elsewhere. death camps Existed for the sole purpose of mass murder War Refugee Board (WRB); Created in January 1944 by FDR to try to help people threatened with murder by the Nazis. Main Idea During World War II, the Nazis carried out a brutal plan that resulted in the deaths of 6 million Jews and millions of other victims. Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933. He implemented the Nazi philosophy from his book Mein Kampf. The Start of Persecution ▪ Theories were used to justify the persecution of Semitic peoples (Arabs, Ethiopians, Middle Eastern, North Africans and Jews. ▪ By the 1880s, anti-Semitism had come to mean hostility toward Jews. ▪ When the Nazi party took control of Germany’s government in 1933, antiSemitism became the official policy of the nation. The Nazis Take Action German citizens were encouraged to stop going to Jewish businesses. ▪ 1935 – Nuremberg Laws passed taking away German citizenship of Jews and forbidding non-Jews to marry Jews. ▪ ▪ 1937 and 1938 – Nazis tried to “Aryanize” Jewish businesses →Jewish doctors banned from treating non-Jews →Jews were required to register property →All Germans had to carry ID cards Jews cards were marked with a red letter “J” and all Jews were given new middle names to make it easier for police to identify Jews ▪ SA organized to silence any opposition ▪ SA organized to silence any opposition ▪ SS formed by Hitler as an elite guard/private army of the Nazi party ▪ Secret State Police (Gestapo) was formed to identify and pursue lawbreakers ▪ Nazis began using concentration camps for people they considered “undesirable” (homeless, homosexuals, Jehovah’s Witnesses, people with mental or physical disabilities and Gypsies) Concentration Camps Kristallnicht Refugees Seek An Escape ▪ 130,000 Jews fled Germany between 1933 and 1937 ▪ Immigration to many countries, including the U.S. was difficult From Murder to Genocide ▪ The Einsatzgruppen - special forces of mobile killing units sent to Poland in 1939. ▪ Mass murders by firing squad ▪ Eliminated members of Poland’s upper class, intellectuals, priests and influential Jews ▪ By 1941, they carried out Hitler’s orders to eliminate Communist leaders and Jews during the invasion of the Soviet Union ▪ Wannsee Conference - held in January 1942 by government officials outside of Berlin, Germany ▪ Announced Nazi plan called the “final solution to the Jewish question.” ▪ Plans called for establishing special concentration camps in rural areas of Germany and elsewhere ▪ In these camps, genocide, or the deliberate destruction of Europe’s Jewish population, was to be carried out. ▪The Death Camps ▪By 1941, Nazis were experimenting on Jews and Soviet prisoners ▪Nazis concluded that poison gas (Zyklon B) was the most efficient way of killing people ▪Gas chambers were disguised as showers ▪2,300 Jews killed on first day of operation (W. Poland; Dec. 1941) ▪ Six death camps were built in Poland ▪ Existed solely for mass murder ▪Jews were crammed onto trains and taken to the camps ▪ Most did not know where they were going when boarding trains ▪ Prisoners were inspected upon arrival ▪ Elderly, most women with children and those appearing weak were taken to the gas chambers immediately. ▪ Bodies were burned in huge ovens ▪ Men and women had their heads shaved and a registration number tattooed on their arms ▪ Crowded barracks with no bathrooms, heat or beds ▪ Disease spread fast and killed many ▪ 43,000 prisoners died at Germany’s ▪ Buchenwald labor camp between 1937 and 1945 ▪ 1.5 Million people died at Poland’s Auschwitz death camp ▪ about 90% at Auschwitz were Jewish ▪ Fighting Back ▪ Some Jews, inside and outside the camps, resisted the Nazis ▪ April 1943 - Warsaw Ghetto revolted against deportation to the death camp Treblinka ▪ Some were able to escape ▪ The few who escaped were able to spread word of the conditions in the camps Warsaw Ghetto Uprising ▪ Rescue and Liberation ▪ Not until January 1944 did U.S. take action regarding these events ▪ Roosevelt created the War Refugee Board (WRB) to try to help people threatened by the Nazis ▪ About 200,000 lives were saved ▪ Allies advanced in late 1944 and Nazis abandoned concentration camps outside German and moved them to German soil ▪ May 1945 - Germany collapsed and American soldiers entered camps “The odor was so bad I backed up, but I looked at a bottom bunk and there I saw one man. He was too weak to get up; he could barely turn his head...He looked like a skeleton; and his eyes were deep set. He didn’t utter a sound; he just looked at me with those eyes, and they still haunt me today.” Leon Bass, American Soldier upon entering the barracks at Buchenwald A larger rescue was carried out by a single individual than that of the WRB. Oskar Schindler was a Nazi industrialist who purposely employed some 1,300 Jews in his factories in Poland and Czechoslovakia. Their jobs saved them from being shipped to the gas chambers. ▪ November 1945 - Allies placed 24 Nazis on trial for crimes against humanity ▪ Nuremberg Trials - 12 received death sentences ▪ Set a precedent that individuals could not claim “following orders” as a defense for war crimes