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THE SECOND
WORLD WAR
1941-1945
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GUIDING QUESTION
To
what extent did the
Second World War bring
about lasting change in
the American society,
economy and government?
WAR ON THE
HOME
FRONT
MOBILIZING THE ECONOMY
1. Industrial Production
 War Production Board
(later: Office of War Mobilization)
 By 1944, war production double that of all Axis powers

“cost-plus” basis
 Results:
 end of Depression;
 consolidation
U.S. industry
of
Effects of War
Spending
MOBILIZING THE ECONOMY
2. Rationing and Price
Controls
 Office of Price
Administration
 rationing
 Anti-Inflation Act
3. Controlling Labor
 ”no-strike” pledges
 Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act
(War Labor Disputes Act) (1943)
personal income
 union membership: major increase

Labor Union Membership,
1920-1960
Ration Card
MOBILIZING THE ECONOMY
4. Farmers – farm income doubled, as in World War I
5. Financing the War: $321 billion total! cost $100 billion for 1945 alone
 Income Tax (Revenue Act of 1942 –
94%!, everyone, withholding)
 Liberty Bonds
War Bond
Military Expenditures
and the National
Debt, 1929-1945
MOBILIZING THE ECONOMY
6. Propaganda
 Office of War Information
 Result: largely avoided anti-German hysteria of WWI
 anti-Japanese hysteria on West Coast
MOBILIZING THE ECONOMY
Effects on
Society
EFFECTS ON THE HOMEFRONT:
IMPACT ON THE ECONOMY
 End of the Depression
 High employment
 Farm crisis ended
 personal income
 rationing
 savings
 Union membership
 Corporate consolidation
EFFECTS ON THE HOMEFRONT:
IMPACT ON SOCIETY: Demographic Shifts
 Urbanization
 Migration to West, esp. California
 rapid industrialization of some western states (California)
 Henry J. Kaiser – Kaiser Steel

South –military posts and defense installations
Population Shifts 1940-1950
Wartime Army Camps, Naval Bases, and
Airfields
EFFECTS ON THE HOMEFRONT:
WOMEN, WORK AND FAMILY

Armed Forces - 200K+ women; non-combat roles: clerical jobs in
WACS and WAVES.
 Work Force - 6.5 million women entered (57% increase)
 concentrated in government clerical jobs
 "Rosie the Riveter"
 Families – “8-hour orphans”, juvenile delinquency, crime

Surveys of time: real concern that families were negatively impacted by war
IMPACT ON SOCIETY: Minorities & Rights
Second Great Migration
 Race riots - Detroit and New York (1943)
 Armed Forces: Million+ served; in segregated units
 Efforts to end discrimination: black unions, threatened marches (A. Philip
Randolph on Washington 1942) - pressure on companies with gov’t contracts
 FDR’s response:



Executive order prohibiting discrimination in defense plants
Fair Employment Practices Commission to investigate discrimination
Results:
 Significant
decrease in number
willing to accept status
of second class
citizens.
 Repudiation of Nazi
racism strengthened
civil rights efforts
Segregated
Units
EFFECTS ON THE HOMEFRONT:
IMPACT ON MINORITIES & CIVIL RIGHTS
Japanese Americans
 Internment
 Executive Order 8066
 Korematsu v. U.S. (1944)
 In re Endo (1944)

Japanese American Internment Camps
Japanese-American store
Members of the Mochida family awaiting
evacuation bus
JapaneseAmerican
Internment
Awaiting baggage inspection upon
arrival at Assembly Center,
Turlock, CA, May 2, 1942
Crowd of onlookers on the first day of evacuation
from the Japanese quarter in San Francisco
War Relocation authority center, Manzanar,
California. July 3, 1942
Newly arrived evacuees outside of mess hall at
noon, Tanforan Assembly Center. San Bruno, CA,
April 29, 1942. (National Archives and Records Administration)
JapaneseAmerican
Internment
The Hirano family,
Colorado River
Relocation Center,
Poston, AZ
GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS:
EXPANSION OF GOVERNMENT POWER



New Deal programs - partially eliminated (Ex: WPA, CCC).
Vast expansion of power for federal government
Election of 1944



FDR ran for unprecedented fourth term
Thomas E. Dewey (Rep Gov NY) – biggest issue: govt control over peoples’ lives
Harry S Truman
Employees in the Executive Branch,
1901–1995
Presidential Election of 1944
WAR IN
EUROPE




Operation Torch (1942-May 1943)
Gen. George C. Marshall
Second front in France?
Stalingrad (Dec 1942/Jan 1943)

Air War


incendiary raids
on Hamburg,
Berlin and
Dresden
Invasion of Italy

Mussolini
DEFEATING
GERMANY
D-Day
Invasion of Normandy
Eisenhower Meets with Paratroopers before DDay
D-DAY LANDING JUNE 6, 1944
After the Normandy Invasion



Allied invasion of France
Normandy - D-Day (June 6, 1944)
Battle of the Bulge (late December 1944)

Fall of Germany
 Berlin (June 2,
1945)
 Hitler suicide
(April 30)
 Surrender June
7, 1945 (V-E Day)
DEFEATING
GERMANY
WAR IN THE
PACIFIC
GUIDING QUESTION

Why did the United
States decide to use
atomic bombs against
Japan?
(strictly military measure to end the war? or
diplomatic measure designed to intimidate the
Soviet Union in the postwar era?)
WAR IN THE PACIFIC

Philippines
 Bataan
Death March

Battle of
Coral Sea
(May 7-8, 1942)

Midway

Islandhopping
(June 4-7, 1942)
Gen Douglas
MacArthur
 Admiral Chester Nimitz
 Solomon Islands – Guadalcanal

American Troops Before Amphibious Landing
Attempting to Secure a Beachhead on Pacific Island
US troops wading ashore Butaritari, November 1943
Sprawled bodies on beach Tarawa
Island-Hopping in the Pacific
WAR IN THE PACIFIC
 Leyte Gulf
(Oct 1944)
 kamikazes
 Iwo Jima
(Feb-March 1945)
 Okinawa
(April – June 1945)
Flag Raising on
Iwo Jima
BEGINNING THE ATOMIC AGE
 FDR death (Warm Springs, GA, April 12, 1945)
 Harry S Truman (President 1945-53)
Churchill, Roosevelt & Stalin at Yalta, Feb. 1945
President Truman addressing
Congress after Roosevelt’s death
BEGINNING THE ATOMIC AGE
Manhattan Project (begun 1942)
 Alamagordo, NM, July 16, 1945
 Unconditional surrender or
face ”utter destruction”
 Hiroshima (August 6, 1945)
 Nagasaki (August 9, 1945)
 Japan surrender September 2, 1945

(V-J Day)
Col. Paul W.
Tibbets, Jr., & the
ENOLA GAY
Atomic Bombs: “Little Boy” & “Fat Man”
Hiroshima After
the Bomb Blast,
August 6, 1945
Hiroshima After the Bomb Blast, August 6, 1945
Hiroshima after the atomic bomb, August 6, 1945
Nagasaki atomic
bombing
August 9, 1945
Aftermath of Nagasaki bombing
Arguments opposed
Arguments for use


Japanese refused to surrender. It
was estimated an invasion similar
to D-Day was needed to bring the
war to an end.
US officials estimated conquest of
Japan’s empire would last an
additional 18 months to 2 years.
US officials estimated Allied
casualties at 1/2 to 1 1/2 million, in
addition to huge Japanese losses if
there was an invasion of Japan.


Japanese leadership was informed
of the destructive power and nature
of the bomb and offered a period to
surrender but declined.

Bombs were untested and their
destruction unknown
Neither city was a major
military target and the attacks
would mainly kill Japanese
civilians.

Radiation poisoning, birth
defects and contamination
would have negative effects on
the population.


Would set a precedent about
using weapons of mass
destruction in war
Surrender ceremonies on the USS Missouri
Japanese Surrender on the USS Missouri Sept 2, 1945
RESULTS OF THE SECOND
WORLD WAR
 300,000 dead, over 800K wounded
 $320 billion cost
 National debt rose from $50 Billion in 1941 to $250
billion by 1945
 End of Depression
 Joined United Nations
 Only major power without significant physical
damage
7 Future American Presidents Views of the World Were
Formed by Service in WWII
WWII Memorial, Washington, DC
Dedicated on April 29, 2004
SOURCES
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Brinkley, American History: A Survey 10e
America: Pathways to the Present (2003)
National Archives and Records Administration
Thomson Wadsworth US History Image Bank http://www.wadsworth.com/history_d/special_features/image_bank_US/1931_1945.html
Teaching Politics, http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/_browse1950.htm
American Journey Online
Divine, America Past and Present Revd 7th Ed.
Nash, The American People 6e; http://wps.ablongman.com/long_nash_ap_6/0,7361,592970,00.html
Faragher, Out of Many 3e http://wps.prenhall.com/hss_faragher_outofmany_ap/
Jones, Created Equal
Kennedy, American Pageant 13e
Susan Pojer, Horace Greeley H.S., Chappaqua, NY
Henretta, America’s History 5e, http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/mapcentral
Roark, American Promise 3e, http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/mapcentral
http://www.printmini.com/printables/mil/index.shtml (camouflage)
Franklin
Roosevelt in
wheelchair
Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill, Tehran, 1943