Download The Cold War - Hudson Falls Central School District

The Cold War
Europe
1943-1960
Definition
• “Cold War” describes the conflict
between the USSR and the “Western
Powers” in the period following WWII
• Period of tension characterized by conflict
at diplomatic, economic, and all levels
short of actual armed conflict between the
principals on either side.
Origins
• Fear of spread of communism following WWI
(Red Scare) still strong
• After Battle of Stalingrad (Turning pt. of WWII)
and D-Day thoughts began to turn to dealing
with post-war realities
“Every granule of Soviet soil must
be stubbornly defended to the last
drop of blood.”
• Hitler’s loss at
Stalingrad in early
1943 symbolized a
shift in morale that
pushed the Allies on
the road to victory
• 300,000 Germans &
500,000 Russians
died in the
“Stalingrad
Streetfighting
Academy”
"We will defend the city or die".
Breakdown of
wartime cooperation between
the Allies
Mutual Suspicion
Roosevelt had
idealistic aims
‘four freedoms´: f.
from want, f. of
speech, f. of
religious belief,
and f. from fear
Stalin had more
concrete aims
regaining of
Russian territory
lost in WWI,
control over E.E.
for SECURITY
• Feb 4-11, 1945 – Yalta Conference – Churchill,
FDR, and Stalin meet: agree Stalin could control
countries of Eastern Europe though Stalin
promises to hold elections in occupied countries
(Korea was divided at 38th II)
• Roosevelt had to secure Russian assistance in
ending war with Japan
Animosity Builds
The Soviets believed that the United States
purposefully delayed starting a 2nd Front
(Normandy) so as to allow the Russians to take
the load of the fighting “ensuring their interests.”
POLAND?
Eastern Europe provided the scene for
conflict. How the question of Poland
would be decided would set the
precedent for Eastern European
governments
Soviet Policy Toward Poland?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Nazi-Soviet Pact 1939 – extinguished Polish
independence
News leaked of Katyn Woods Massacre – Soviets
killed over 4000 Polish officers in 1940
Stalin broke with Polish government-in-exile in London
and supported a group of Polish Communists in Lublin
in 1943
Stalin did nothing to stop the Nazis from brutally
suppressing the 1944 Warsaw Uprising, organized by
the London Poles, despite the Red Army was on the
outskirts of the capital
Stalin claimed 1/3 of Poland after war
POLAND?
– Allied supported gov. in exile in London
– Soviet supports Lublin gov.
– Truman takes a hard line refusing to lend money
to Russia w/o free democratic elections in
Poland
– Russia refuses and announces 5-Year Plan
Results: Poles would never elect a pro-Soviet
government so Stalin imposed one.
Cost: Permanently resentful Poland
America and Britain become untrusting of Stalin
FDR: “Stalin has broken everyone of his
promises at Yalta.”
• July 17 – Aug. 2 Potsdam Conference
• Truman, Churchill, and Stalin meet
• Stalin cuts off East Germany
Resentment
Fosters
“I can deal with
Stalin. He is
honest-but smart as
hell.”
The turning point of WWII and the
symbolic beginning of the Cold
War occurred at the Battle of
1.
2.
3.
4.
Lenigrad
Moscow
Stalingrad
Berlin
25%
25%
25%
25%
1
2
3
4
Which was NOT a provision of
the Yalta Conference?
1. divided Germany into
occupation zones
2. guaranteed Poles a
broader based
democratic government
3. gave Soviet Union
control of Eastern
Europe
4. Soviet Union promised to
enter war against Japan
25%
25%
25%
25%
1
2
3
4
Picture a bright blue ball, just spinning, spinnin free,
Dizzy with eternity.
Paint it with a skin of sky,
Brush in some clouds and sea,
Call it home for you and me.
A peaceful place or so it looks from space,
A closer look reveals the human race.
Full of hope, full of grace
Is the human face,
But afraid we may lay our home to waste.
There's a fear down here we can't forget.
Hasn't got a name just yet.
Always awake, always around,
Singing ashes, ashes, all fall down.
Ashes, ashes, all fall down.
Now watch as the ball revolves
And the nighttime falls.
Again the hunt begins,
Again the bloodwind calls.
By and by, the morning sun will rise,
But the darkness never goes
From some men's eyes.
It strolls the sidewalks and it rolls the streets,
Staking turf, dividing up meat.
Nightmare spook, piece of heat,
It's you and me.
You and me.
Click flash blade in ghetto night,
Rudies looking for a fight.
Rat cat alley, roll them bones.
Need that cash to feed that jones.
And the politicians throwin' stones,
Singing ashes, ashes, all fall down.
Ashes, ashes, all fall down.
[Bridge:]
Commissars and pin-stripe bosses
Roll the dice.
Any way they fall,
Guess who gets to pay the price.
Money green or proletarian gray,
Selling guns 'stead of food today.
So the kids they dance
And shake their bones,
And the politicians throwin' stones,
Singing ashes, ashes, all fall down.
Ashes, ashes, all fall down.
Heartless powers try to tell us
What to think.
If the spirit's sleeping,
Then the flesh is ink
History's page will thus be carved in stone.
And we are here, and we are on our own
On our own.
On our own.
On our own.
Germany to be divided into
zones of occupation
Stalin Stands Strong
on Eastern Europe
Satellite Nations – Countries
Dominated by the Soviet Union
• 1946 – Winston
Churchill, recently
defeated as Prime
Minister by Clement
Attlee, gave a speech
“A shadow has fallen upon
the scenes so lately
lighted by the Allied
victories. . . . From Stettin
in the Baltic to Trieste in
the Adriatic, an iron
curtain descended
across the continent.”
• In the West, “Iron
Curtain” becomes a
symbol of communism
An Iron Curtain
The Soviets extended their
sphere of influence in Eastern
Europe by establishing
1. doctrines
2. communism
3. satellite
governments
4. dictatorships
25%
25%
25%
25%
1
2
3
4
What will America’s Policy be
Following the War?
• Advice from Advisors:
– Ambassador Harriman –
“certain elements around
Stalin misinterpreted our
generosity and our desire to
cooperate as an indication
of softness, so that the
Soviet government could do
as it pleased without risking
challenge from the United
States. …. We must stand
firm.”
– They need American
economic aid to reconstruct
their country. We may use
this a carrot to get what we
want.
• Advice from George Kennan – Be realistic
and recognize both sides have a sphere of
influence. We should accept this but
contain further spreading of their ideology.
• Advice from others:
– Sec of War Stimson – Must take Russian
need for security serious
– Sec of Navy James Forrestal – “We had
better have a showdown with them now rather
than later.”
– George Marshall – Lets keep our ties with
Russia open until after we defeat Japan.
– Admiral William Leahy – Don’t expect the
Soviets to sponsor free elections
“Long-term, patient but firm and
vigilant containment of Russian
expansive tendencies.”
- George F. Kennan
Containment – policy to stop the spread
of communism that underlined all US
policies following WWII
Making Containment Work!
The United States met the
Soviet expansion attempt with a
policy of designed to limit the
spread of communism.
1. Berlin Airlift
2. Containment
3. Satellite
government
4. Iron Curtain
25%
25%
25%
25%
1
2
3
4
The United Nations
Established
in 1945 to
secure
peace
General
Assembly
– Each
member
nation had
1 rep.
Collective
Security
1.
Keep
Troops
inItalian
North
Iran
2.Stalin
Obtain
base
in
Turkey
tocontrolled
control
3.
Obtain
base
in
had
hisformally
eyes
on
the
Med.
(they were stationed there during WWII to protect the
North Africa
to
control
Eastern Med.
Straits
andthe
the
South
oil from Germany.)
Stalin Had Gone Too Far!!!
• Truman and Atlee denied the demand for
Turkish bases while moving the U.S. 6th
Fleet into the Eastern Med.
• Brought the question of N. Iran to the UN
Security Council
What will Stalin’s
reaction be?
Reaction to Great Britain declaring
they could not support Greece and
Turkey
“It now must be the policy
of the United States to
support free peoples who
are resisting attempted
subjugation by armed
minorities or by outside
pressures. We must assist
free peoples to work out
their own destinies in their
own way.”
Truman
Doctrine
1947
$400 million in economic
aid to Greece and Turkey
Truman hoped to stop
spread of
communism
Soviet
P.O.V.
1947, George C. Marshall visited
Stalin in Moscow
“All the way back to Washington,” he talked
“of the importance of finding some initiative
to prevent the complete breakdown of
Western Europe.”
Marshall Plan - 1947
• Massive Aid
package that offered
food and economic
assistance to
European countries
Stalin’s
• To strengthen
Reaction
democracies
Yugoslavia – Josef Tito breaks
from Stalin, though still communist
• The U.S. sent economic
assistance
• “The Yugoslav dictator might
be a “son-of-a-bitch,” the new
Secretary of State Dean
Acheson acknowledged in
1949, but he was now “our
son-of-a-bitch.”
• Stalin’s resentment
of Western countries
rebuilding of
Germany led him to
caught off Berlin
from supplies
• U.S. airlifted food
and supplies to
people
Berlin Airlift
NATO vs. the Warsaw Pact
• 1949 – North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO) formed as a military alliance
pledged to help one another if one of them
was attacked
• 1955 – Warsaw Pact formed military
alliance of USSR and its satellites of
Eastern Europe
The Office of Strategic
Services (OSS) defunded
1947 – National Security
Act establishes the CIA
- coordinate the nation’s
intelligence activities and
correlating, evaluating
and disseminating
intelligence affecting
national security
Which of the following was NOT
a part of the Marshall Plan?
1. Promote European
economic recovery
2. stop the spread of
communism
3. cede control of Eastern
Europe to Soviets
4. aid to US economy by
rebuilding European
trade and markets
25%
25%
25%
25%
1
2
3
4
How did the Soviet victory at the
Battle of Stalingrad alter the
foreign policy thinking of the
United States?
From that point on in the war, Roosevelt
and Truman had to design foreign policy
around not just defeating Germany and
Japan but on dealing with Russia as well.
History
Connection
When did the Cold War Start?
Historians debate the true start of the Cold
War, but through applying our knowledge
we could argue the following:
With the dropping of the Atomic Bomb
With the defeat of Germany in Europe
With the defeat of the Germans at
Stalingrad in 1943
History Connection
Remember, Stalin was allied with the
Nazi’s at the beginning of the war [NaziSoviet Pact 1939] and only when Hitler
turned on him did Russia join the
Allies.
“Do not worry,” he
reassured his foreign
minister, Molotov. “We
can implement it in our
own way later.”
The Policy Makers
• Consider the following question:
– What policy will the Soviet Union enforce
in the country of Poland?
• Use information from your knowledge of
the Yalta Conference and Russia’s
previous actions toward Poland to support
your decision.
• Share your decision with your partner.
• Share your decision with the class.
Stalin was told on July 24 of ABomb test at Trinity
Russians Upset that Allies
Received 2/3 of Germany but Sink
Their Own Ship
Stalin believed
Germans would
eventually seek to
unite under
communism as
Marxian worker
revolution came to
fruition.
Problems arose
with Soviet
treatment of East
Germans to
alienate all
Germans
– Extracted
reparations on an
indiscriminate scale
– Raped over 2
million German
women
The Soviet Point of View of the
Truman Doctrine
Offered to Soviet Union: Stalin saw
it as trick
Marshall
Plan