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• Collective Intelligence
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Collective intelligence
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'Collective IQ' is a measure of collective
intelligence, although it is often used
interchangeably with the term collective
intelligence.
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Collective intelligence
Collective
intelligence has also
been attributed to
bacteria and animals.
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Collective intelligence
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The Millennium Project, Washington,
DC 2008 This notion of collective
intelligence is referred to as
'Symbiotic intelligence' by Norman
Lee Johnson.Norman Lee Johnson,
[http://CollectiveScience.com
Collective Science site] The concept is
used in sociology, Prediction
market|business, computer science
and mass communications: it also
appears in science fiction.
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Collective intelligence
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Pierre Lévy, Collective intelligence: Mankind's
Emerging World in Cyberspace, 1994, p
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Collective intelligence
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Collective intelligence strongly contributes
to the shift of knowledge and power from
the individual to the collective. According
to Eric S. Raymond (1998) and JC Herz
(2005), open source intelligence will
eventually generate superior outcomes to
knowledge generated by proprietary
software developed within corporations
(Terry Flew|Flew 2008).
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Collective intelligence
Jenkins|Henry Jenkins criticizes
schools which promote ‘autonomous
problem solvers and self-contained
learners‘ while remaining hostile to
learning through the means of
collective intelligence.Jenkins, Henry
Convergence Culture: Where old and
new media collide
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Collective intelligence
Ultimately, both Pierre Lévy (2007)
and Henry Jenkins (2008) support the
claim that collective intelligence is
important for the process of
democratization, as it is interlinked
with knowledge-based culture, which
is sustained by collective idea
sharing, and thus contributes to a
better understanding of diverse
society among different actors.
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Collective intelligence
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Writers who have influenced the idea of
collective intelligence include Douglas
Hofstadter (1979), Peter Russell (1983),
Tom Atlee (1993), Pierre Lévy
(philosopher)|Pierre Lévy (1994), Howard
Bloom (1995), Francis Heylighen (1995),
Douglas Engelbart, Cliff Joslyn, Ron
Dembo, Gottfried Mayer-Kress (2003).
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Collective intelligence - History
The title is 'collective intelligence that
made us who are smarter than me'
Wheeler saw this collaborative process at
work in ants that acted like the cells of a
single beast he called a superorganism.
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Collective intelligence - History
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Douglas Engelbart|Doug Engelbart
began using the term 'Collective IQ'
in the mid 1990s as a measure of
collective intelligence, to focus
attention on the opportunity for
business and society to pro-actively
raise their Collective
IQ[http://www.archive.org/stream/b
oostingcollecti00drdo#page/n9/mode
/2up Engelbart's 1994 definition of
'Collective IQ']– found on Slide 4
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Collective intelligence - Dimensions
In 1986 Bloom combined the concepts of
apoptosis, parallel distributed processing,
group selection, and the superorganism to
produce a theory of how collective
intelligence works.Howard Bloom, The
Lucifer Principle: A Scientific Expedition Into
the Forces of History, 1995 Later he showed
how the collective intelligences of competing
bacterial colonies and human societies can
be explained in terms of computer-generated
complex adaptive systems and the genetic
algorithms, concepts pioneered by John
Henry Holland|John Holland.
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Collective intelligence - Dimensions
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Bloom traced the evolution of collective
intelligence to our bacterial ancestors 1
billion years ago and demonstrated how a
multi-species intelligence has worked
since the beginning of life.Howard Bloom,
Global Brain: The Evolution of Mass Mind
from the Big Bang to the 21st Century,
2000 Ant societies exhibit more
intelligence, in terms of technology, than
any other animal except for humans and
co-operate in keeping livestock, for
example aphids for milking
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Collective intelligence - Dimensions
George Pór defined the collective intelligence
phenomenon as the capacity of human
communities to evolve towards higher order
complexity and harmony, through such innovation
mechanisms as differentiation and integration,
competition and collaboration.George Pór,
[http://www.communityintelligence.com/blogs/public Blog of Collective
Intelligence] Atlee and Pór state that collective
intelligence also involves achieving a single focus
of attention and standard of metrics which provide
an appropriate threshold of action
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Collective intelligence - Dimensions
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Groupthink often hampers collective
intelligence by limiting input to a
select few individuals or filtering
potential Golden Suggestions without
fully developing them to
implementation.
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Collective intelligence - Dimensions
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According to Don Tapscott and Anthony D.
Williams (author)|Anthony D. Williams,
collective intelligence is mass
collaboration. In order for this concept to
happen, four principles need to exist;
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Collective intelligence - Examples
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The Global Futures Collective Intelligence
System (GFIS) at www.themp.org was
created by The Millennium Project in 2012.
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Collective intelligence - Examples
A further example of collective
intelligence is found in idea
competitions.Jan Marco Leimeister,
Michael Huber, Ulrich Bretschneider,
Helmut Krcmar (2009): Leveraging
Crowdsourcing: Activation-Supporting
Components for IT-Based Ideas
Competition
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Collective intelligence - Examples
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Specialized information site such as
Digital Photography Review or
Camera Labs is an example of
collective intelligence. Anyone who
has an access to the internet can
contribute to distributing their
knowledge over the world through the
specialized information sites.
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Collective intelligence - Examples
Often questions refer to first hand
experiences and the answers are often
carefully curated eposées and detailed
logs of it. It gives the user the ability to
gain a detailed insights and information is
thus democratized. The collection of
experiences is a perfect example of
collective intelligence.
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Collective intelligence - Mathematical techniques
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One measure sometimes applied, especially
by more artificial intelligence focused
theorists, is a collective intelligence quotient
(or cooperation quotient)—which presumably
can be measured like the individual
intelligence quotient (IQ)—thus making it
possible to determine the marginal extra
intelligence added by each new individual
participating in the collective, thus using
Metric (mathematics)|metrics to avoid the
hazards of group think and stupidity.
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Collective intelligence - Mathematical techniques
In 2001, Tadeusz (Ted) Szuba from the
Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza|AGH University
in Poland proposed a formal model for the
phenomenon of collective intelligence. It is
assumed to be an unconscious, random,
parallel, and distributed computational
process, run in mathematical logic by the
social structure.Szuba T., Computational
Collective Intelligence, 420 pages, Wiley NY,
2001
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Collective intelligence - Mathematical techniques
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Prospective applications are optimization
of companies through the maximization of
their IQS, and the analysis of drug
resistance against collective intelligence of
bacterial colonies.
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Collective intelligence - Digital media
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Thus, through interaction with new media,
knowledge easily passes between sources
resulting in a form of collective intelligence
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Collective intelligence - Digital media
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Collective intelligence is not merely a
quantitative contribution of information
from all cultures, it is also qualitative.
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Collective intelligence - Digital media
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Researchers[http://cci.mit.edu/peopl
e/index.html MIT Center for
Collective Intelligence]. Cci.mit.edu.
Retrieved on 2013-07-13. at the MIT
Center for Collective Intelligence
research and explore collective
intelligence of groups of people and
computers.
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Collective intelligence - Digital media
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Collective intelligence as represented
by Web 2.0 has less user engagement
than collaborative intelligence
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Collective intelligence - Digital media
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Such resources could combine into a form
of collective intelligence accountable only
to the current participants yet with some
strong moral or linguistic guidance from
generations of contributors– or even take
on a more obviously democratic form to
advance shared goals.
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Collective intelligence - Social bookmarking
In social bookmarking (also called
collaborative tagging), users assign tags to
resources shared with other users, which
gives rise to a type of information
organisation that emerges from this
crowdsourcing process. The resulting
information structure can be seen as
reflecting the collective knowledge (or
collective intelligence) of a community of
users and is commonly called a Folksonomy,
and the process can be captured by models
of collaborative tagging.
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Collective intelligence - Social bookmarking
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Such vocabularies can be seen as a form
of collective intelligence, emerging from
the decentralised actions of a community
of users
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Collective intelligence - Video games
he refers to Pierre Lévy
(philosopher)|Pierre Levy’s concept of
Collective Intelligence and argues this is
active in videogames as clans or guilds in
MMORPG constantly work to achieve
goals
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Collective intelligence - Video games
Gosney argues that the Alternate
Reality genre of gaming dictates an
unprecedented level of collaboration
and collective intelligence in order to
solve the mystery of the game.
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Collective intelligence - Stock market predictions
The opinion of all investor can be
weighed equally so that a pivotal
premise of the effective application of
collective intelligence can be applied:
the masses, including a broad
spectrum of stock market expertise,
can be utilized to more accurately
predict the behavior of financial
markets.
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Collective intelligence - Stock market predictions
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On the basis of such evidence index
funds became popular investment
vehicles using the collective
intelligence of the market, rather than
the judgement of professional fund
managers, as an investment strategy.
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Collective intelligence - Views
Tom Atlee reflects that, although
humans have an innate ability to
gather and analyze data, they are
affected by culture, education and
social institutions. A single person
tends to make decisions motivated by
self-preservation. In addition, humans
lack a way to make choices that
balance innovation and reality.
Therefore, without collective
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Collective intelligence - Views
Atlee, T. (2008).
[http://www.communicationagents.co
m/tom_atlee/2008/05/15/reflections_
on_the_evolution_of_choice_and_colle
ctive_intelligence.htm Reflections on
the evolution of choice and collective
intelligence], Retrieved 26 August
2008
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Collective intelligence - Views
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This reflects how powerful collective
intelligence can be if left to develop.
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Collective intelligence - Views
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Research performed by Tapscott and
Williams has provided a few examples
of the benefits of collective
intelligence to business:
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Collective intelligence - Views
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Harsh critics of Artificial Intelligence on ethical
grounds are likely to promote collective
wisdom-building methods, such as the new
tribalists and the Gaianism|Gaians. Whether
these can be said to be collective intelligence
systems is an open question. Some, e.g. Bill
Joy, simply wish to avoid any form of
autonomous Artificial Intelligence and seem
willing to work on rigorous collective
intelligence in order to remove any possible
niche for AI.
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Fernanda Viegas - Collective intelligence and public visualization
A second stream of work, in
partnership with Martin M.
Wattenberg|Martin Wattenberg,
centers on collective intelligence and
the public use of data visualization.
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Self-organization - In collective intelligence
Non-thermodynamic concepts of
entropy and self-organization have
been explored by many theorists.
Cliff Joslyn and colleagues and their
so-called global brain projects.
Marvin Minsky's Society of Mind and
the no-central editor in charge policy
of the open sourced internet
encyclopedia, called Wikipedia, are
examples of applications of these
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Martin M. Wattenberg - Collaborative Analysis Collective Intelligence
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Wattenberg, in partnership with
Fernanda Viégas at IBM, has
published widely on collective
intelligence
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