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Seminar On4G LANGUAGE www.powerpointpresentationon.blogspot.com Programming Language • A programming language is a machine-readable artificial language designed to express computations that can be performed by a machine, particularly a computer. • Programming languages can be used to create programs that specify the behavior of a machine,to express algorithms. • Many programming languages have their syntax and semantics. Generations of Programming • 1 Generation: (1950-60) machine language. Language st •2 nd Generation: (1961-75) assembly language. •3 Generation: (1976-92) high-level programming languages, such as C, C++, and Java. rd •4 Generation: (1993-2005) typical high-level programming languages closer to human languages. th •5 Generation: (2005-..) used for artificial intelligence and neural networks. th First-generation programming language • A first-generation programming language is a machine-level programming language. • No translator was used to compile or assemble the firstgeneration language. • The main benefit of first-generation programming language is that the code a user writes can run very fast and efficiently. • It is a lot more difficult to learn than higher generational programming languages, and it is far more difficult to edit if errors occur. • Machine language is an example of 1 st G Language. • Sometimes referred to as machine code or object code. • It is a collection of binary digits or bits that the computer reads and interprets. Second-generation programming language • Second-generation programming language is a generational way to categorize assembly languages. • Second-generation programming languages have the following properties: • The code can be read and written by a programmer. To run on a computer it must be converted into a machine readable form, a process called assembly. • The language is specific to a particular processor family and environment. Assembly language • It is an example of 2nd G Language. • Assembly languages are a family of low-level languages for programming computers. • It implements a symbolic representation of the numeric machine codes. • Other constants needed to program a particular CPU architecture. Assembly language Assembler • Assembler creates object code by translating assembly instruction mnemonics into opcodes, and by resolving symbolic names for memory locations and other entities. • Assemblers are generally simpler to write than compilers for high-level languages. Third-generation programming • The introduction of the compiler in 1952 spurred the language development of third-generation computer languages. • These languages enable a programmer to create program files using commands that are similar to spoken English. • Third-level computer languages have become the major means of communication between the digital computer and its user. • Such as BASIC, C, FORTAN and Pascal. Third-generation programming High-level language language • 3rd G Languages are High-level Languages. • After a program is written in one of the high-level languages, it must be either compiled or interpreted. Third-generation programming language • A Compiler program rewrites the program into machine language that the CPU can understand. This is done all at once and the program is saved in this new form. • A compiled program is generally considerably larger than the original. • An Interpreter program translates the program statements into machine language one line at a time as the program is running. • An interpreted program will be smaller than a compiled one but will take longer to execute. Fourth-generation programming language • A fourth-generation programming language (1970s1990) (abbreviated 4GL) is a programming language or programming environment designed with a specific purpose in mind, such as the development of commercial business software. • In the evolution of computing, the 4GL followed the 3GL in an upward trend toward higher abstraction and statement power. • The 4GL was followed by efforts to define and use a 5GL. Fourth-generation programming language • 3GL development methods can be slow and error-prone. • Some applications could be developed more rapidly by adding a higher-level programming language and methodology which would generate the equivalent of very complicated 3GL instructions with fewer errors. • All 4GLs are designed to reduce : programming effort, the time it takes to develop software and the cost of software development. Fourth-generation programming language • Fourth-generation languages have often been compared to domain-specific programming languages (DSLs). • For example, a typical 4GL command is FIND ALL RECORDS WHERE NAME IS "SMITH" Types of 4 GL :• Table-driven (codeless) programming, usually running with runtime framework and libraries. Instead of using code. • Report generators take a description of the data format and the report to generate and from that they either generate the required report directly or they generate a program to generate the report. • Data management 4GLs such as SAS, SPSS and Stata provide sophisticated coding commands for data manipulation, file reshaping, case selection and data documentation in the preparation of data for statistical analysis and reporting. Some fourth-generation languages • • FoxPro • PowerBuilder • SQL • Report Builder • Oracle Reports • Graph Talk • MATLAB • CSS Examples of 4G Languages FoxPro FoxPro has two meanings: • Visual FoxPro - an object-oriented programming language and RDBMS, published by Microsoft, for Microsoft Windows. • FoxPro 2 - a text-based procedural programming language and RDBMS, originally published by Fox Software and later by Microsoft, for MS-DOS, Microsoft Windows, Macintosh, and UNIX Examples of 4G Languages Database query languages • Query languages are computer languages used to make queries into databases and information systems. • Query languages can be classified according to whether they are database query languages or information retrieval query languages. • SQL is a well known query language for relational databases. • XQuery is a query language for XML data sources. Fifth-generation programming • Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial language intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. • The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. • The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization. Fifth-generation programming Examples : language Artificial intelligence : • The branch of computer science concerned with making computers behave like humans. • There are several programming languages that are known as AI languages because they are used almost exclusively for AI applications. The two most common are LISP and Prolog. Fifth-generation programming Examples : language Neural network • A type of artificial intelligence that attempts to imitate the way a human brain works. • A neural network works by creating connections between processing elements, the computer equivalent of neurons. • Neural networks are currently used prominently in voice recognition systems, image recognition systems, industrial robotics, medical imaging, data mining and aerospace applications.