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6-4 Notes Classifying Organisms 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 1 2 4 Chapter 6, Lesson 4 Historic Classification Systems 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 • Aristotle, a Greek philosopher, was one of the first people to put organisms into categories. • He categorized things as animals, plants, or minerals, and then according to where they lived—air, land, or sea. 1 2 4 Historic Classification Systems 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 • In the mid-1700s, Swedish botanist, Linnaeus developed a classification system that grouped organisms by similar physical structures 1 2 4 Historic Classification Systems • Linnaeus’s 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 system went from kingdom (most general) to species (most specific). 1 2 4 Historic Classification Systems Species 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom 1 2 4 Historic Classification Systems 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 • Members of a species group have the greatest number of traits in common and can breed and produce fertile offspring. • Only species are subject to natural selection and evolve. 1 2 4 Felis catus Historic Classification Systems 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 • Linnaeus also developed a system for naming species that is still used. • Each species has a two-word scientific name called its species name. • The first word identifies its genus. • Human’s species name is Homo sapien. 1 2 4 Historic Classification Systems 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 • All small cats have Felis as the first word of their species name, because that is their genus. 1 domestic cat Felis catus sand cat Felis margarita 2 4 jungle cat Felis chaus wild cat Felis silvestris Historic Classification Systems • 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 Basic features such as cell type, presence of a cell wall, or single-celled versus multicellular define each of the 6 kingdoms: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protists Fungi Plantae Animalia 1 2 4 Modern Methods of Classification 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 • The modern study of classification, called systematics, uses DNA and molecular biology to identify related organisms. • The more shared DNA sequences two species have, the more recent ancestor they probably share. 1 2 4 Modern Methods of Classification 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 • Scientists use haplotypes, samples of 1000 base pairs, to compare DNA sequences among organisms. • DNA hybridization measures the percentages of DNA that are the same between two organisms. 1 2 4 Modern Methods of Classification 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 • Molecular biology led to a new highest level of classification called “Domain,” which is based on differences in a particular genetic sequence. There are 3 domains: 1 1. Bacteria 2. Archaea 3. Eukarya 2 4 Modern Methods of Classification 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 1 2 4 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 1 2 4 Modern Methods of Classification 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 • As more sophisticated techniques are developed, the classification system will continue to become more refined. 1 2 4 Modern Methods of Classification The current system of classification (from highest to lowest): 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 1.Domain 2.Kingdom 3.Phylum 4.Class 5.Order 6.Family 7.Genus 8.Species 1 2 4 Cladograms 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 • Scientists create diagrams called cladograms to group organisms based on certain characteristics. • A cladogram shows common ancestry, and helps scientists to better understand evolution. 1 2 4 Cladograms 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 1 2 4 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 1 2 4 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 1 2 4 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 1 2 4 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 1 2 4 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 1 2 4 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 1 2 4 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 1 2 4 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 1 2 4 Cladograms 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 1 MYA 2 4 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 1 2 4 Cladograms 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 1 The National Museum of Natural History - Washington, D.C 2 4 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 1 2 4 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 1 2 4 6.4 Classifying Organisms What was Linnaeus’ classification system based on? A whether things were plant, animal, or mineral B where organisms lived—air, water, or land C similar DNA sequences D similar physical structures 6.4 Classifying Organisms What approach measures the percentage of DNA that is similar between two organisms? A DNA hybridization B DNA sequencing C haplotypes D systematics What is currently the highest level of classification? A animalia B domain C kingdom D order Which of the following does not provide independent evidence for the theory of evolution through natural selection? A fossil record B comparative anatomy C systematics D molecular biology SCI 3. Which of the following is not a kingdom? A protista B fungi C eukarya D animalia