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6-4 Notes
Classifying Organisms
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Chapter 6, Lesson 4
Historic Classification Systems
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• Aristotle, a Greek
philosopher, was one of
the first people to put
organisms into
categories.
• He categorized things as
animals, plants, or
minerals, and then
according to where they
lived—air, land, or sea.
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Historic Classification Systems
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• In the mid-1700s,
Swedish botanist,
Linnaeus developed a
classification system
that grouped organisms
by similar physical
structures
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Historic Classification Systems
• Linnaeus’s
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system went
from kingdom
(most general)
to species
(most specific).
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Historic Classification Systems
Species
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Genus
Family
Order
Class
Phylum
Kingdom
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Historic Classification Systems
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• Members of a species
group have the greatest
number of traits in
common and can breed
and produce fertile
offspring.
• Only species are subject
to natural selection and
evolve.
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Felis catus
Historic Classification Systems
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• Linnaeus also developed a system for
naming species that is still used.
• Each species has a two-word scientific
name called its species name.
• The first word identifies its genus.
• Human’s species name is Homo sapien.
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Historic Classification Systems
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• All small cats have Felis as the first word of their
species name, because that is their genus.
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domestic cat
Felis catus
sand cat
Felis margarita
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jungle cat
Felis chaus
wild cat
Felis silvestris
Historic Classification Systems
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Basic features such as cell type, presence
of a cell wall, or single-celled versus
multicellular define each of the 6
kingdoms:
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protists
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
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Modern Methods of Classification
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• The modern study of classification, called
systematics, uses DNA and molecular
biology to identify related organisms.
• The more shared DNA sequences two
species have, the more recent ancestor they
probably share.
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Modern Methods of Classification
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• Scientists use haplotypes, samples of 1000
base pairs, to compare DNA sequences
among organisms.
• DNA hybridization measures the
percentages of DNA that are the same
between two organisms.
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Modern Methods of Classification
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Molecular biology led to a new highest
level of classification called “Domain,”
which is based on differences in a
particular genetic sequence. There are 3
domains:
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1. Bacteria
2. Archaea
3. Eukarya
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Modern Methods of Classification
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Modern Methods of Classification
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• As more sophisticated techniques are
developed, the classification system will
continue to become more refined.
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Modern Methods of Classification
The current system of classification (from
highest
to
lowest):
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1.Domain
2.Kingdom
3.Phylum
4.Class
5.Order
6.Family
7.Genus
8.Species
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Cladograms
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• Scientists create diagrams called
cladograms to group organisms based on
certain characteristics.
• A cladogram shows common ancestry, and
helps scientists to better understand
evolution.
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Cladograms
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Cladograms
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MYA
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Cladograms
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The National Museum of Natural History - Washington, D.C
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6.4 Classifying Organisms
What was Linnaeus’ classification
system based on?
A whether things were plant, animal,
or mineral
B where organisms lived—air, water,
or land
C similar DNA sequences
D similar physical structures
6.4 Classifying Organisms
What approach measures the
percentage of DNA that is similar
between two organisms?
A DNA hybridization
B DNA sequencing
C haplotypes
D systematics
What is currently the highest level of
classification?
A animalia
B domain
C kingdom
D order
Which of the following does not
provide independent evidence for
the theory of evolution through
natural selection?
A fossil record
B comparative anatomy
C systematics
D molecular biology
SCI 3.
Which of the following is not a
kingdom?
A protista
B fungi
C eukarya
D animalia