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Transcript
Genetics, Evolutionary Psychology,
and Behavior
3C
1
Behavior Genetics: Predicting
Individual Differences
Behavior Geneticists - study our differences
and weigh the relative effects of heredity
and environment.
2
Nurture and Human Diversity
Environment:
3
Genes: Our Codes for Life
Chromosomes –
•Any genetic basis for a trait are located
in chromosomes
•23 from mother and 23 from father
•DNA (deoxyribonucleic) –
4
Genes: Our Codes for Life
Genes –
•Capable of synthesizing a protein
•One or more genes are responsible for
expression or repression of a particular
trait
5
Genome
Genome • human genome makes us human
•the genome for drosophila makes it
6
Twins Biology
• Monozygotic
(identical twins) –
• Dizygotic (fraternal
twins) –
7
Twin Biology
Studying the effects of heredity and environment on
twins
1. Identical twins raised together 1. Identical twins raised apart –
1. Fraternal twins –
8
Twins Studies
Identical twins raised separately
Twin Studies
Caution: any two strangers are likely to share
9
coincidental similarities.
IdenticalTwins and IQ
• Bouchard Study
• .69 Correlational
coefficient for IQ tests
of
• .88
IdenticalTwins and
Personality
Temperament •Identical twins express similar
temperaments, suggesting heredity
predisposes temperament.
11
Separated Twins and
Personality
•Identical Twins separated at birth – no
extreme differences in personality
•Differences between fraternal twins are
greater than identical twins.
Twin Studies
Temperament, Intelligence
Abilities, Attitudes
Brain Waves, Heart Rate
Bob Sacha
Interests, Fears
12
Adoption Studies and
Personality
•Adoptees - tend to be different from their
adoptive parents and siblings.
•Environment shared by a family’s children
has relatively no impact on their
personalities
13
Personality
• Big 5 Traits
–
–
–
–
–
Extroversion
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Neuroticism
Openness
14
Twins Studies
15
Parental Influence
• Parents do influence:
16
Heritability
Heritability refers to the extent to which the differences
among people are attributable to genes
Heritability is numerical value with a range from
 For human behavior, almost all estimates of heritability
are in the moderate range of .30 to .60.
Applies to populations not individuals
Two boys raised in a barrel with
identical environmental conditions would
have a heritability of ______?
17
Heritability and Big 5
• Big 5 Traits
–
–
–
–
–
Heritability
Extroversion
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Neuroticism
Openness
18
Gene-Environment Interaction
Genes and environment affect our traits
individually, but more important are their
interactive effects.
Alessia Pierdomenico/Reuters/Corbis
Rex Features
People respond differently to
Rowan Atkinson (Mr. Bean) than Orlando bloom.
19
The New Frontier:
Molecular Genetics
Molecular genetics is a branch extension of
behavior genetics that asks the question, “Do
genes influence behavior?”
It seeks to identify
20
Evolutionary Psychology
Evolutionary psychology - studies the
evolution of behavior and
. mind using
principles of natural selection.
21
Natural Selection
Natural selection - evolutionary process
through which
are passed
on to ongoing generations because these
traits help animals
22
Artificial Selection
Biologists like Belyaev and Trut (1999) were
able to artificially rear and domesticate wild
foxes, selecting them for friendly traits.
L.N. Trur, American Scientist (1999) 87: 160-169
Any trait that is favored naturally or artificially
spreads to future generations.
23
Human Sexuality
Gender Differences in Sexuality
Question (summarized)
Male
Female
Casual sex
60%
35%
Sex for affection
25%
48%
Think about sex everyday
54%
19%
24
Mating Preferences
Females
Males
25
Criticisms of Evolutionary
Psych
• Works backwards
• Underestimates
• Unethical and immoral men could
use explanations to
• Does not consider the importance
of