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Everyone is a Biologist !
Today: Four Questions
What are the Characteristics of Life?
How diverse is life?
How do we study the natural world?
Who are some of the key people
who played a role in the history of
biology?
What are the Characteristics of Life?
All living things exhibit five
characteristics in combination.
What are the Characteristics of Life?
What are the Characteristics of Life?
MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM
ORGAN SYSTEM
ORGAN
TISSUE
CELL
ORGANELLE
MOLECULE
ATOM
What are the Characteristics of Life?
What are the Characteristics of Life?
Each level of biological organization exhibits
emergent properties.
Ex. Capillaries transport
blood (property not exhibited by
individual endothelial cells).
What are the Characteristics of Life?
Energy Use & Metabolism
Metabolism - biochemical reactions
that acquire & use energy.
Why do organisms need energy?
How do organisms obtain energy?
What are the Characteristics of Life?
What are the Characteristics of Life?
Maintenance of Homeostasis
Homeostasis - the ability of an organism to
maintain its internal environment despite
conditions in the external environment.
Human body temperature is………
if
body temperature rises, you sweat.
if
body temperature lowers, you shiver.
What are the Characteristics of Life?
Reproduction, Growth & Development
Asexual reproduction - involves a single
parent; progeny are genetically identical to
the parent.
Sexual reproduction - involves 2 parents;
progeny are genetically diverse.
Is it essential for an individual to reproduce?
What are the Characteristics of Life?
Irritability & Adaptation
Irritability - immediate response to a
stimulus.
What are the Characteristics of Life?
Irritability & Adaptation
Adaptation - an inherited behavior or characteristic
that enables an organism to survive & reproduce.
Over time, adaptations are modified by
natural selection.
What are the Characteristics of Life?
Life is always changing…..
On the level of DNA……
Change = Evolution
Evolution is the backbone of biology.
Life is Diverse
Biodiversity refers to the many different types of
organisms on earth.
Taxonomy is the biological science that
classifies life according to evolutionary
relationships.
The Domain is the largest group of organisms.
Life is Diverse
Life is Diverse
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Kings Play Chess On Funny Green Squares
Life is Diverse
Human classification scheme:
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus & species
Eukarya
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Primates
Hominidae
Homo sapiens
How do we study the Natural World?
What is the Scientific Method?
Methodical exploration
What makes science unique!
How do we study the Natural World?
Observations
Question
Hypothesis
Prediction
Now What???
How do we study the Natural World?
Observations
Question
Hypothesis
Prediction
Experiment
How do we study the Natural World?
How do we study the Natural World?
After you perform your experiment, you need to analyze
the generated data. Does the data support or not
support your hypothesis?
If your data does not support the hypothesis then……
If your data does support your hypothesis……..
How do we study the Natural World?
What is difference between hypothesis,
theory & law?
Hypothesis - “an educated guess”; a tentative
explanation of phenomena.
Theory - a widely accepted explanation of
natural phenomena; has stood up to
thorough & continual testing.
Law - a statement of what always occurs
under certain conditions.
How do we study the Natural World?
How is a control group different from an
experimental group?
History of Biology
Aristotle (384-322BC)
Began much of what we call biology today
Microbiology
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
Father of Microbiology
Best known for his work on the improvement of the microscope
and for his contributions towards the establishment of
microbiology
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
Great biologist in numerous areas
Cell Biology
Robert Hooke (1635-1703)
Coined the biological term “cell”
Cell Theory
Theodore Schwann (1810-1882)
Co-founder of the cell theory
Stated that the different parts of
animals are composed of cells
Matthias Jakob Schleiden (1804-1881)
Co-founder of the cell theory
Stated that the different parts of
plants are composed of cells
Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902)
Supplied the third part of the cell theory stating that
every cell originates from another cell
Genetics
Gregor Johann Mendel (1823-1884)
Father of Genetics
Theory of Evolution by Natural
Selection
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
Father of Evolution by Natural Selection
DNA
James Watson (1928- ) and Francis Crick (1916-2004)
Discovered the structure of DNA in 1953
Rosalind Franklin (1920-1958)
Helped Watson & Crick significantly
with the discovery of the structure of DNA
DNA
Martha Chase (1923-2003) and Alfred Hershey (1908-1997)
Provided more evidence that DNA, not protein,
was the genetic material in 1953
Oswald Avery (1877–1955)
Discovered that DNA is the material of
which genes and chromosomes are made