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THE COLLISION OF TWO WORLDS THE COLLISION OF TWO OLD WORLDS • Discovery of the New World • Europe In Transition • The First Americans • Exploration & Conquest or Invasion & Genocide THE FIRST AMERICANS • • • • • Origins Food & Shelter Skills & Technology Religion Geographic Regions THE FIRST AMERICANS • Origins – Asian nomads from Mongolia • Blood & DNA similarities of North American & Asians • Evolution of teeth structures – Archeological Sites • Radio carbon dating of stone tools – Yukon – blue fish caves – Pennsylvania Meadow craft 16000 bp – Clovis Period 13,000-12800 bp – Monteverde, Chile 13000 bp – Pedraferata, Brazil 48,000 bp THE FIRST AMERICANS • Diversity & Isolation – Isolation caused a diversity of cultures & languages – 15 million inhabitants • Two million today – 1-2000 languages in all of the Americas • 600 languages in North America • Video: In Search of the First Americans THE FIRST AMERICANS • Called “Indians” by Columbus – Geographic error – Label of all peoples as one • Food & Shelter • hunter-gatherers (nomadic & sedentary – Teepees, caves • Farming & irrigation (sedentary) – wood homes, adobe – Fermented wines & beers THE FIRST AMERICANS • Skills & Technology – Primitive tools & skills • Reed & grass baskets • Bows & arrows, harpoons • Hunting related skills (running, stalking) • 200 drugs & medicines THE FIRST AMERICANS • Writing system (Olmecs & Mayans) – Carved records in stone & on cactus fiber • (most destroyed in 1500’s by Spanish) • Architecture – Mayans built over 40 cities in Meso-America • Populations up to 20,000 each • Olmec, Mayan, Inca, Azec cultures –Pyramids, temples, aqueducts THE FIRST AMERICANS • Skills & Technology – – – – Tools & skills Medicines Writing Architecture • Religion – Animistic – worship of spirits in the natural environment • gods demanding human blood sacrifices – Some peaceful & some warlike THE FIRST AMERICANS • Geographic Regions – Coastal – pacific Western Tribes • Coastal habitation • Totem poles – landmarks of stories – Descendants of animals & man • Redwood homes & dug-out canoes – Inland – forests Sub Arctic • Movement by the water • Birch houses & canoes & cooking utensils – Caribou/elk/otter/mink/beaver/maple sap THE FIRST AMERICANS • Geographic Regions – Eastern Woodlands • Matrilineal heritage – Women choose tribal chiefs • Gender Specialized tasks – Women grew beans/corns – Children keep birds away – Men hunter/warriors • Shells/pearls/birch houses THE FIRST AMERICANS • Geographic Regions – Plains Indians • Nomadic –Teepees as moveable homes –Grasses for baskets, hides for clothing homes & blankets • Hunter Gatherers –Buffalo the main stay of their diet –After the arrival of the Europeans, horses were used for hunting and transporting THE FIRST AMERICANS • • • • • Origins Food & Shelter Skills & Technology Religion Geographic Regions THE COLLISION OF TWO OLD WORLDS • Discovery of the New World • Europe In Transition • The First Americans • Exploration & Conquest or Invasion & Genocide THE COLLISION OF TWO OLD WORLDS • Exploration & Conquest EXPLORATION & CONQUEST • The First Explorers – Eskimos & Aleuts (Native Americans) – Japanese & Chinese Fishermen – West Africans (Olmec Legend) – European Vikings • Thorfinn Karlsefni –mapped part of North American coast –Tried to settle Newfoundland EXPLORATION & CONQUEST • The European Explorers / 15 & 16th centuries – Portugal – the African Coast & Route to Asia • Prince Henry the Navigator – 30 voyages along the African Coast • Bartholomeu Dias – Cape Good Hope 1488 • Vasco De Gama – Calicut, India 1498 • Pedro Cabral – East South America 1500 – The Brazilian Mistake • Colonies in West Africa, the Persian Gulf, Macao, and Brazil EXPLORATION & CONQUEST • The European Explorers / 15 & 16th centuries – Spain – Colonization of the Americas • Columbus and the route west 1492 – An Italian sailing for Spain – Isabella invested 14,000 – Plan to reach Indies by sailing west – Japan only 2,500 west of Canary Islands – Four trips to Americas • Died believing he had landed in Asia EXPLORATION & CONQUEST • The European Explorers /15 & 16th centuries – Spain – Colonization of the Americas • • • • • Columbus - the route west 1492 Vasco Nunez de Balboa – Panama 1513 Ponce de Leon – Florida 1513 Ferdinand Magellan – World 1519-1522 Hernando De Soto - southeast & interior 1539-1542 • Coronado - southwest • Cortez – Aztec city of Tenochtitlan 1519 • Pizarro – Incas of South America EXPLORATION & CONQUEST • The European Explorers /15 & 16th centuries – English Colonies of the East Coast of North America, India, S.E. Asia, E. Asia Coast & Oceania, the Middle East THE BRITISH EMPIRE EXPLORATION & CONQUEST • The European Explorers of the 15 & 16th centuries – Dutch – Colonization of the East Indies (Indonesia) and southern Pacific (New Zealand) • Abel Tasman – France – Colonization in North America • St. Lawrence Seaway & New Orleans – Russia - Exploration of the Pacific North West • Sitka & Fur Trapping • Bodega Bay/Fort Ross – English Colonies of the East Coast of North America, India, S.E. Asia, E. Asia Coast & Oceania, the Middle East EXPLORATION & CONQUEST • Motivational Factors for European Exploration 1. Improvement of quality of life • Precious stones & metals, silks, crafts, spices, drugs • Marco Polo and Crusaders introduced Europeans to new lifestyles and created demand for goods from the East EXPLORATION & CONQUEST • Motivational Factors European Exploration in the Americas 2. Establishment of new trade routes and national claims of territories • Existing routes were expensive and dangerous due to pirates & wars • Monopolized by Italian merchants who functioned as middlemen in trade between Europe & Asia EXPLORATION & CONQUEST • Motivational Factors European Exploration in the Americas 3. Spread Christianity 4. Control & Profit • New Territories mean greater wealth • Bypassing middlemen would bring greater wealth to a country and to the discoverer of a new route to the East EXPLORATION & CONQUEST • Motivational Factors for 15th & 16th century European Exploration – Spread Christianity – Establishment of trade routes and national claims to land –Sea routes through Indian Oceans & Persian Gulf –Overland routes through Middle East to Asia THE COLLISION OF TWO OLD WORLDS • Discovery of the New World • Europe In Transition • The First Americans • Exploration & Conquest or Invasion & Genocide