Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Exploration
Transcript
THE COLLISION OF TWO WORLDS THE COLLISION OF TWO OLD WORLDS • Discovery of the New World • Europe In Transition • The First Americans • Exploration & Conquest or Invasion & Genocide THE FIRST AMERICANS • • • • • Origins Food & Shelter Skills & Technology Religion Geographic Regions THE FIRST AMERICANS • Origins – Asian nomads from Mongolia • Blood & DNA similarities of North American & Asians • Evolution of teeth structures – Archeological Sites • Radio carbon dating of stone tools – Yukon – blue fish caves – Pennsylvania Meadow craft 16000 bp – Clovis Period 13,000-12800 bp – Monteverde, Chile 13000 bp – Pedraferata, Brazil 48,000 bp THE FIRST AMERICANS • Diversity & Isolation – Isolation caused a diversity of cultures & languages – 15 million inhabitants • Two million today – 1-2000 languages in all of the Americas • 600 languages in North America • Video: In Search of the First Americans THE FIRST AMERICANS • Called “Indians” by Columbus – Geographic error – Label of all peoples as one • Food & Shelter • hunter-gatherers (nomadic & sedentary – Teepees, caves • Farming & irrigation (sedentary) – wood homes, adobe – Fermented wines & beers THE FIRST AMERICANS • Skills & Technology – Primitive tools & skills • Reed & grass baskets • Bows & arrows, harpoons • Hunting related skills (running, stalking) • 200 drugs & medicines THE FIRST AMERICANS • Writing system (Olmecs & Mayans) – Carved records in stone & on cactus fiber • (most destroyed in 1500’s by Spanish) • Architecture – Mayans built over 40 cities in Meso-America • Populations up to 20,000 each • Olmec, Mayan, Inca, Azec cultures –Pyramids, temples, aqueducts THE FIRST AMERICANS • Skills & Technology – – – – Tools & skills Medicines Writing Architecture • Religion – Animistic – worship of spirits in the natural environment • gods demanding human blood sacrifices – Some peaceful & some warlike THE FIRST AMERICANS • Geographic Regions – Coastal – pacific Western Tribes • Coastal habitation • Totem poles – landmarks of stories – Descendants of animals & man • Redwood homes & dug-out canoes – Inland – forests Sub Arctic • Movement by the water • Birch houses & canoes & cooking utensils – Caribou/elk/otter/mink/beaver/maple sap THE FIRST AMERICANS • Geographic Regions – Eastern Woodlands • Matrilineal heritage – Women choose tribal chiefs • Gender Specialized tasks – Women grew beans/corns – Children keep birds away – Men hunter/warriors • Shells/pearls/birch houses THE FIRST AMERICANS • Geographic Regions – Plains Indians • Nomadic –Teepees as moveable homes –Grasses for baskets, hides for clothing homes & blankets • Hunter Gatherers –Buffalo the main stay of their diet –After the arrival of the Europeans, horses were used for hunting and transporting THE FIRST AMERICANS • • • • • Origins Food & Shelter Skills & Technology Religion Geographic Regions THE COLLISION OF TWO OLD WORLDS • Discovery of the New World • Europe In Transition • The First Americans • Exploration & Conquest or Invasion & Genocide THE COLLISION OF TWO OLD WORLDS • Exploration & Conquest EXPLORATION & CONQUEST • The First Explorers – Eskimos & Aleuts (Native Americans) – Japanese & Chinese Fishermen – West Africans (Olmec Legend) – European Vikings • Thorfinn Karlsefni –mapped part of North American coast –Tried to settle Newfoundland EXPLORATION & CONQUEST • The European Explorers / 15 & 16th centuries – Portugal – the African Coast & Route to Asia • Prince Henry the Navigator – 30 voyages along the African Coast • Bartholomeu Dias – Cape Good Hope 1488 • Vasco De Gama – Calicut, India 1498 • Pedro Cabral – East South America 1500 – The Brazilian Mistake • Colonies in West Africa, the Persian Gulf, Macao, and Brazil EXPLORATION & CONQUEST • The European Explorers / 15 & 16th centuries – Spain – Colonization of the Americas • Columbus and the route west 1492 – An Italian sailing for Spain – Isabella invested 14,000 – Plan to reach Indies by sailing west – Japan only 2,500 west of Canary Islands – Four trips to Americas • Died believing he had landed in Asia EXPLORATION & CONQUEST • The European Explorers /15 & 16th centuries – Spain – Colonization of the Americas • • • • • Columbus - the route west 1492 Vasco Nunez de Balboa – Panama 1513 Ponce de Leon – Florida 1513 Ferdinand Magellan – World 1519-1522 Hernando De Soto - southeast & interior 1539-1542 • Coronado - southwest • Cortez – Aztec city of Tenochtitlan 1519 • Pizarro – Incas of South America EXPLORATION & CONQUEST • The European Explorers /15 & 16th centuries – English Colonies of the East Coast of North America, India, S.E. Asia, E. Asia Coast & Oceania, the Middle East THE BRITISH EMPIRE EXPLORATION & CONQUEST • The European Explorers of the 15 & 16th centuries – Dutch – Colonization of the East Indies (Indonesia) and southern Pacific (New Zealand) • Abel Tasman – France – Colonization in North America • St. Lawrence Seaway & New Orleans – Russia - Exploration of the Pacific North West • Sitka & Fur Trapping • Bodega Bay/Fort Ross – English Colonies of the East Coast of North America, India, S.E. Asia, E. Asia Coast & Oceania, the Middle East EXPLORATION & CONQUEST • Motivational Factors for European Exploration 1. Improvement of quality of life • Precious stones & metals, silks, crafts, spices, drugs • Marco Polo and Crusaders introduced Europeans to new lifestyles and created demand for goods from the East EXPLORATION & CONQUEST • Motivational Factors European Exploration in the Americas 2. Establishment of new trade routes and national claims of territories • Existing routes were expensive and dangerous due to pirates & wars • Monopolized by Italian merchants who functioned as middlemen in trade between Europe & Asia EXPLORATION & CONQUEST • Motivational Factors European Exploration in the Americas 3. Spread Christianity 4. Control & Profit • New Territories mean greater wealth • Bypassing middlemen would bring greater wealth to a country and to the discoverer of a new route to the East EXPLORATION & CONQUEST • Motivational Factors for 15th & 16th century European Exploration – Spread Christianity – Establishment of trade routes and national claims to land –Sea routes through Indian Oceans & Persian Gulf –Overland routes through Middle East to Asia THE COLLISION OF TWO OLD WORLDS • Discovery of the New World • Europe In Transition • The First Americans • Exploration & Conquest or Invasion & Genocide
