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Light, Mirrors and Telescopes Rajesh Gupta University of California, San Diego. Mr. Smith’s Class We see things because they reflect light into our eyes: Homework 2 We hear things when they vibrate If something vibrates with a very quickly we say it has a _____ pitch. If something vibrates with a vibrates slowly we say it has a ____ pitch. Words – low, high 3 How do we see things? 4 Indoors and outdoors 5 We make or see or hear waves 6 Drawing sounds… This sound wave has a _____ frequency: This sound wave has a ___ _frequency: 7 Waves can be small or large 8 Waves can be slow or fast Light travels VERY FAST – around 300,000 kilometres per second. At this speed it can go around the world 8 times in one second. 9 Small wave to see small things But we can use big waves to see large things 10 The Universe is a VERY Big Place 1,000,000,000,000 galaxies 100,000,000,000 - 1,000,000,000,000 stars in a galaxy About 100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kilometers Light takes 13 billion years to travel 11 We can use different waves to see the universe 12 We can use different waves to see the universe 13 We can use different waves to see the universe 14 We can use different waves to see the universe 15 We can use different waves to see the universe 16 17 We can use light Light travels in straight lines: Laser 18 Light reflects Reflected ray Incident ray Mirror 19 Using mirrors Two examples: 2) A car headlight 1) A periscope 20 Clear vs. Diffuse Reflection Smooth, shiny surfaces have a clear reflection: Rough, dull surfaces have a diffuse reflection. Diffuse reflection is when light is scattered in different directions 21 Mirrors can be concave or convex 22 Convex Mirrors 23 Concave Mirrors Where have you seen it? 24 Concave Mirrors and Far Objects 25 Refraction is bending of light 26 27 Lenses use refraction to form images 28 Telescopes and Microscopes 29 Telescopes Optical Telescopes use light to see things Reflecting telescopes use mirrors Refraction telescopes use lenses Bigger telescopes collect more light See more things, see farther If you double the area of the mirror, you collect four times as much light Radio Telescopes use radio waves to see things Can observe at night, through clouds, rains Larger waves, so telescopes can be bigger 30 Refractors (lens based) are hard to make very large Yerkes Observatory 40 Inch refractor (1897) 31 Reflecting Telescopes 32 Observatories • 100 in. (2.5 m) Hooker, Mount Wilson. Largest 1917-1948. (photo: Mount Wilson) • 200 in. (5 m) Hale, Mount Palomar. Largest 1948-1974. (photo: Alain Maury) • BTA-6 (6 m), Mount Pashtoukov. Largest 19741993. (photo: SAO-RAS) • Keck I & II (9.8 m), Mauna Kea. Largest 1993(photo: WM Keck Observatory) Observatories Most are made in high locations and dry areas Kitt Peak (Arizona), Mauna Kea (Hawaii), Andes Mnts (Chile) 34 Kitt Peak Observatories 24 Telescopes 35 CTIO (Chile) above Siding Springs (Australia) right 36 Mauna Kea Observatories 12 telescopes of various sizes 37 The Keck Telescopes Each is 10 meters across 38 Subaru Telescope - 8.3 meters 39 The Very Large Telescope (VLT) 4 telescopes each with 8 m mirrors - acts like a 16 m telescope 40 The Overwhelmingly Large Telescope OWL 100 meters across Is there no limit?!?!?!?!? 41 Using Other Waves 42 Radio Telescopes - Use same design as visible light telescope - a parabolic surface 43 Arecibo Radio Telescope Largest Single Dish 305 m across 44 Radio Telescope: Arcibo, Puerto Rico 45 The Very Large Array 27 Radio telescopes acting as one Radio Image of a Supernova remnant 46 Radio Telescopes: Green Bank, West Virginia 47 Ooty Radio Telescope 48 GMRT: Giant Metrewave 49 Space Telescopes X-Ray Chandra Telescope Infrared Spitzer Space Telescope Visible - Ultraviolet Hubble Space Telescope 50 Hubble Space Telescope 51 52 Acknowledgements Material collected from diverse and many sources, including http://observe.phy.sfasu.edu/courses/phy410/lectures410/Movies/sound/ http://science.howstuffworks.com/light14.htm http://www.kidskonnect.com/LightSound/LightSoundHome.html The Soundry: How We Perceive Sound: The Ear The Science Spot: Physics - Light & Sound What are waves?, NASA Physics Zone: Lessons on Waves, Light, and Sound http://www2.biglobe.ne.jp/~norimari/science/JavaEd/e-wave6.html Waves, Light and Sound Review http://www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/gbssci/phys/reviews/63reviews/u11and12/u1112rev.html http://online.physics.uiuc.edu/courses/phys150/fall03/slides/lect11.pdf P100_Class10_ICQ.pdf (application/pdf Object) http://www.astro.ubc.ca/people/newbury/astro311/notes/060925h.pdf Waves&Superposition.pdf (application/pdf Object) http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/~stalder/astro110/lectures/lecture9.pdf http://www.colloid.nl/Education/Nat1chem/waves-lectures-Nat-Chem-2006.pdf The educational encyclopedia, physics, optics and color The Physics Classroom http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~jwhoward/astro108/html/present.htm Giant Meterwave Radio Telescope; Ooty Radio Telescope http://www.ece.vt.edu/swe/RFI2004/35.pdf 53