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Chapter 19 Optical Instruments Topics: • The thin-lens equation • The camera • The human eye • The magnifier • The microscope • The telescope • Resolution of optical instruments Sample question: This anablepsis is called the “four-eyed fish.” How must the top half of its eye differ from the lower half so that it has clear vision both above and below the waterline at the same time? Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Slide 19-1 Reading Quiz 1. The units of refractive power are A. watts. B. m2. C. m–1. D. joules. Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Slide 19-2 Answer 1. The units of refractive power are D. joules. Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Slide 19-3 Reading Quiz 2. Accommodation of the eye refers to its ability to A. focus on both nearby and distant objects. B. move in the eye socket to look in different directions. C. see on both the brightest days and in the dimmest light. D. see both in air and while under water Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Slide 19-4 Answer 2. Accommodation of the eye refers to its ability to D. see both in air and while under water Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Slide 19-5 Reading Quiz 3. The magnification of a microscope is increased when A. the focal length of the objective lens is increased. B. the focal length of the objective lens is decreased. C. the focal length of the eyepiece is increased. D. the distance between the objective lens and eyepiece is decreased. Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Slide 19-6 Answer 3. The magnification of a microscope is increased when C. the focal length of the eyepiece is increased. Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Slide 19-7 Reading Quiz 4. The fundamental resolution of an optical instrument is set by A. the accuracy to which lenses can be polished. B. the fact that white light is composed of all visible colors. C. the fact that all types of glass have nearly the same index of refraction. D. the wave nature of light. Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Slide 19-8 Answer 4. The fundamental resolution of an optical instrument is set by D. the wave nature of light. Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Slide 19-9 The Thin-Lens Equation 1 1 1 s s f Thin-lens equation (also works for mirrors) relating object and image distance to focal length Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Slide 19-10 Sign Conventions for Lenses and Mirrors Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Slide 19-11 The Camera Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Slide 19-12 Focusing a Camera Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Slide 19-13 Digital Cameras A digital image is made up of millions of pixels. A CCD chip records the digital image. Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Slide 19-14 The Human Eye Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Slide 19-15 Focusing and Accommodation Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Slide 19-16 Myopia and Hyperopia Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Slide 19-17 Correcting Myopia Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Slide 19-18 Apparent Size Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Slide 19-19 The Magnifier Largest angular size without a magnifier is h 0 25 cm With a magnifier, the angular size is h 0 f Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. The magnification is thus 25 cm M 0 f Slide 19-20 The Microscope Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Slide 19-21 The Microscope L 25 cm M MoMe f0 fe Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Slide 19-22 The Telescope f0 M fe Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Slide 19-23 Lens Aberrations: Spherical Aberration The Hubble space telescope originally suffered from spherical aberration. Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Slide 19-24 Chromatic Aberration Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Slide 19-25 Resolution and the Wave Nature of Light Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Slide 19-26 Rayleigh’s Criterion Two objects are resolvable if their angular separation is greater than 1.22 1 D Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Slide 19-27 The Resolution of a Microscope Numerical aperture NA nsin 0 Resolving power RP dmin Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. 0.610 NA Slide 19-28 Optical and Electron Micrographs of e. coli Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Slide 19-29