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S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, © 2013 Pearson Education
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Power Point for Optoelectronics and
Photonics: Principles and Practices
Second Edition
A Complete Course in Color Power Point
Approximately 950 Slides
ISBN-10: 0133081753
Version 0.9
S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, © 2013 Pearson Education
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited
reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to:
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Copyright Information and Permission: Part I
This Power Point presentation is a copyrighted supplemental material to the textbook
Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles & Practices, Second Edition, S. O. Kasap,
Pearson Education (USA), ISBN-10: 0132151499, ISBN-13: 9780132151498. © 2013
Pearson Education. Permission is given to instructors to use these Power Point slides in
their lectures provided that the above book has been adopted as a primary required
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in any form whatsoever, especially on the internet, without the written permission of
Pearson Education.
Please report typos and errors directly to the author: [email protected]
S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, © 2013 Pearson Education
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PEARSON
Copyright Information and Permission: Part II
This Power Point presentation is a copyrighted supplemental material to the textbook
Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles & Practices, Second Edition, S. O. Kasap,
Pearson Education (USA), ISBN-10: 0132151499, ISBN-13: 9780132151498. © 2013
Pearson Education. The slides cannot be distributed in any form whatsoever,
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information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department.
S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, © 2013 Pearson Education
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the
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Important Note
You may use color illustrations from this Power Point
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From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles
and Practices, Second Edition, © 2013 Pearson Education, USA
S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, © 2013 Pearson Education
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the
publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or
likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
Spherical Wave
A
E  cos(t  kr)
r
S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, © 2013 Pearson Education
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Group Velocity
Two slightly different wavelength waves traveling in the same direction result in a wave
packet that has an amplitude variation that travels at the group velocity.
S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, © 2013 Pearson Education
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Gaussian Beams
The intensity across the beam follows a Gaussian distribution
I(r,z) = [2P/(pw2)]exp(2r2/w2)
qo = w/z = l/(pwo)
2qo = Far field divergence
S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, © 2013 Pearson Education
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Power in a Gaussian Beam
I (r )2  I (0)2 exp[ 2(r / w)2 ]
and
Area of a circular thin strip (annulus) with
radius r is 2prdr. Power passing through
this strip is proportional to
I(r) (2pr)dr
w
Fraction of
optical power =
within 2w
 I ( r )2prdr
0

 0.865
 I ( r )2prdr
0
S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, © 2013 Pearson Education
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Fresnel's Equations
Light wave traveling in a more dense medium strikes a less dense medium. The plane of incidence is the plane of the
paper and is perpendicular to the flat interface between the two media. The electric field is normal to the direction of
propagation. It can be resolved into perpendicular and parallel components.
S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, © 2013 Pearson Education
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Fresnel's Equations
Et 0 , 
2 cos qi
t 

1/ 2
2
2
Ei 0, cos qi  n  sin qi


There are corresponding coefficients for the E// fields with
corresponding reflection and transmission coefficients, r//
and t//,




Er 0,// n  sin qi  n 2 cos qi
r// 
 2
1/ 2
2
Ei 0,//
n  sin qi  n 2 cos qi
2
2
1/ 2
Et 0,//
2n cos qi
t // 
 2
Ei 0,// n cos qi  n 2  sin 2 qi


1/ 2
S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, © 2013 Pearson Education
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Dielectric Mirror or Bragg Reflector
Schematic illustration of the principle of the dielectric mirror with many low and high
refractive index layers and its reflectance.
S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, © 2013 Pearson Education
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Dielectric Mirror or Bragg Reflector
S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, © 2013 Pearson Education
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Interference
Resultant intensity I is
I = I1 + I2 + 2(I1I2)1/2cosd
d = k(r2 – r1) + (f2 – f 1)
Phase difference due to optical path difference
Constructive interference
Imax = I1 + I2 + 2(I1I2)1/2
Destructive interference
and
Imin = I1 + I2  2(I1I2)1/2
If the interfering beams have equal irradiances, then
Imax = 4I1
Imin = 0
S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, © 2013 Pearson Education
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likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
Optical Resonator
Fabry-Perot
Optical Cavity
This is a tunable large aperture (80 mm) etalon
with two end plates that act as reflectors. The end
plates have been machined to be flat to l/110.
There are three piezoelectric transducers that can
tilt the end plates and hence obtain perfect
alignment. (Courtesy of Light Machinery)
S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, © 2013 Pearson Education
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um = m(c/2L) = muf = Mode frequency
m = integer, 1,2,…
uf =free spectral range = c/2L = Separation of modes
du m 
uf
F
F
pR
1/ 2
1 R
F = Finesse
R = Reflectance
S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, © 2013 Pearson Education
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likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
Diffraction from a Single Slit
(a) The aperture has a finite width a along y, but it is very long along x so that it is a one-dimensional
slit. The aperture is divided into N number of point sources each occupying dy with amplitude
proportional to dy since the slit is excited by a plane electromagnetic wave. (b) The intensity
distribution in the received light at the screen far away from the aperture: the diffraction pattern.
Note that the slit is very long along x and there is no diffraction along this dimension. (c) Diffraction
patter obtained by using a laser beam from a pointer incident on a single slit.
S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, © 2013 Pearson Education
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Diffraction from a Circular Aperture
(Image obtained by SK)
sin q o  1.22
l
D
Diameter of
aperture
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Diffraction from a Rectangular Aperture
b
a
The rectangular aperture of dimensions a × b on the left gives the
diffraction pattern on the right. (b is twice a)
(Image obtained by SK. Overexposed to highlight the higher order lobes.)
S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, © 2013 Pearson Education
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Experimental Diffraction Patterns
Overexposed photo by SK
Single slit with a width 100 mm
Blue = 402 nm
Green = 532 nm
Red = 670 nm
Answer
Why does the central bright lobe get larger with increasing
wavelength?
q  2q o 
2l
a
S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, © 2013 Pearson Education
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Diffraction Grating
Bragg diffraction condition
Normal incidence
dsinq = ml ; m = 0, 1, 2, 
William Lawrence Bragg (1890-1971), Australian-born British
physicist, won the Nobel prize with his father William Henry
Bragg for his "famous equation" when he was only 25 years
old (Courtesy of SSPL via Getty Images)
“The important thing in science is not so much to obtain new
facts as to discover new ways of thinking about them.”
S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, © 2013 Pearson Education
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Diffraction Gratings
Bragg diffraction condition
Normal incidence
dsinq = ml ; m = 0, 1, 2, 
Oblique incidence
d(sinqm  sinqi) = ml ; m = 0, 1, 2,
 sin( k y a ) 
I ( y)  Io  1

 2 k y a 
1
2
Diffraction from a single slit
2
 sin( Nk y d ) 


1
 N sin( 2 k y d ) 
ky = (2p/l)sinq
1
2
2
Diffraction from N slits
S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, © 2013 Pearson Education
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Diffraction Gratings
(a) Ruled periodic parallel scratches on a glass serve as a transmission grating. (The glass
plate is assumed to be very thin.) (b) A reflection grating. An incident light beam results in
various "diffracted" beams. The zero-order diffracted beam is the normal reflected beam
with an angle of reflection equal to the angle of incidence.
S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, © 2013 Pearson Education
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Photonic Crystals
Photonic crystals in (a) 1D, (b) 2D and (c) 3D, D being the dimension. Grey
and white regions have different refractive indices and may not necessarily be
the same size. L is the periodicity. The 1D photonic crystal in (a) is the wellknown Bragg reflector, a dielectric stack.
S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, © 2013 Pearson Education
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Photonic Crystals
The photonic bandgaps along x, y and z overlap for all polarizations of the field, which results in a
full photonic bandgap . (An intuitive illustration.) (b) The unit cell of a woodpile photonic
crystal. There are 4 layers, labeled 1-4 in the figure, with each later having parallel "rods". The
layers are at right angles to each other. Notice that layer 3 is shifted with respect to 1, and 4 with
respect to 2. (c) An SEM image of a 3D photonic crystal that is based on the wood pile structure.
The rods are polycrystalline silicon. Although 5 layers are shown, the unit cell has 4 layers e.g.,
the fours layers starting from the bottom layer. (Courtesy of Sandia National Laboratories.) (d)
The optical reflectance of a woodpile photonic crystal showing a photonic bandgap between 1.5
and 2 mm. The photonic crystal is similar to that in (c) with five layers and d 0.65 o mm. (Source:
The reflectance spectrum was plotted using the data appearing in Fig. 3 in S-Y. Lin and J.G.
Fleming, J. Light Wave Technol., 17, 1944, 1999.)
S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, © 2013 Pearson Education
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Graded Index (GRIN) Fiber
(a) Multimode step
index fiber. Ray
paths are
different so that
rays arrive at
different times.
(b) Graded index
fiber. Ray paths
are different but
so are the
velocities along
the paths so that
all the rays
arrive at the
same time.
S. O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition © 2013 Pearson Education
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Intramode Dispersion (SMF)
Dispersion in the fundamental mode
Group Delay  = L / vg
Group velocity vg depends on
Refractive index = n(l)
V-number = V(l)
 = (n1  n2)/n1 = (l)
Material Dispersion
Waveguide Dispersion
Profile Dispersion
S. O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition © 2013 Pearson Education
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Photonic Crystal Fibers: Holey Fibers
Left: The first solid core
photonic crystal fiber
prepared by Philip Russell
and coworkers at the
University of Bath in 1996;
an endlessly single mode
fiber. (Courtesy of Philip
Russell)
Above: A commercially
available hollow core
photonic crystal fiber from
Blaze Photonics. (Courtesy
of Philip Russell)
Left: One of the first hollow core photonic crystal
fibers, guiding light by the photonic bandgap
effect (1998) (Courtesy of Philip Russell)
S. O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition © 2013 Pearson Education
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Photonic Crystal Fibers: Holey Fibers
(a) A solid core PCF. Light is index guided. The cladding has a hexagonal
array of holes. d is the hole diameter and L is the array pitch, spacing
between the holes (b) and (c) A hollow core PCF. Light is photonic bandgap
(PBG) guided.
S. O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition © 2013 Pearson Education
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Quantum Wells
A QW structure that shows the
energy levels in the wells and
how charge carriers that are
brought in by the current fall
into the lowest energy level in
the well and then recombine,
emitting a photon. The electrons
at a particular energy level also
have kinetic energies in the yz
plane, which is not quantized.
The electrons are therefore
spread in energy above En as
shown. The same notion also
applies to holes in the Ev well.
2 2
h 2 n 2  k y  2 k z2
En  Ec  * 2 

*
8me d
2me 2me*
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4 Level Laser System
A four energy level laser system
Highly simplified representation of Nd3+:YAG laser
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Einstein Coefficients
R12 = B12N1r(u)
dN1 /dt Absorption
R21 = A21N2 + B21N2r(u)
dN2 /dt Spontaneous
emission
Stimulated
emission
We need A21, B12 and B21
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publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or
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Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers
EDFA
(Strand
Mounted
Optical
Amplifier, Prisma 1550) for optical
amplification at 1550 nm. This model can
be used underground to extend the reach
of networks; and operates over -40 C to
+65 C. The output can be as high as 24
dBm (Courtesy of Cisco).
EDFAs (LambdaDriver®-Optical Amplifier Modules)
with low noise figure and flat gain (to within ±1 dB)
for use in DWDM over 1528 - 1563 nm. These
amplifiers can be used for booster, in-line and
preamplifier applications. (Courtesy of MRV
Communications, Inc)
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cu
( N 2  N1 ) th  g th
B21nhuo
8pn u  u
2
( N 2  N1 ) th  g th
2
o sp
2
c
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Buried Double Heterostructure
A simplified schematic diagram of a double heterostructure semiconductor laser device
that has its active region buried within the device in such a way that it is surrounded by
low refractive index materials rendering the active region as a waveguide.
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likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
pin Photodiode
The responsivity of Si, InGaAs and Ge pin type photodiodes. The pn junction GaP detector is used
for UV detection. GaP (Thorlabs, FGAP71), Si(E), IR enhanced Si (Hamamatsu S11499), Si(C),
conventional Si with UV enhancement, InGaAs (Hamamatsu, G8376), and Ge (Thorlabs, FDG03).
The dashed lines represent the responsivity due to QE = 100 %, 75% and 50 %.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the
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likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
Avalanche Photodiode
(a) A Si APD structure without a guard ring. (b) A schematic illustration
of the structure of a more practical Si APD
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the
publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or
likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
Schottky Junction Photodiodes
Schottky kunction type metalsemiconductor-metal (MSM) type
photodetectors. (Courtesy of
Hamamatsu)
GaAsP Schottky junction
photodiode for 190-680
nm detection, from UV to
red (Courtesy of
Hamamatsu)
GaP Schottky junction
photodiode for 190 nm
to 550 nm detection.
(Courtesy of
Hamamatsu)
AlGaN Scottky junction
photodiode for UV
detection (Courtesy of
sglux, Germany)
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the
publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or
likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
Photodiode Equivalent Circuit
(a) A real photodiode has series and parallel resistances Rs and Rp and a SCL
capacitance Cdep. A and C represent anode and cathode terminals. (b) The equivalent
circuit of a photodiodes. For ac (or transient) signals, the battery can be shorted since ac
signals will simply pass through the battery.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the
publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or
likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
Malus’s Law
I(q) = I(0)cos2q
Randomly polarized light is incident on a Polarizer 1 with a transmission axis TA 1. Light emerging
from Polarizer 1 is linearly polarized with E along TA1, and becomes incident on Polarizer 2 (called
the analyzer) with a transmission axis TA2 at an angle q to TA1. A detector measures the intensity
of the incident light. TA1 and TA2 are normal to the light direction.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the
publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or
likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
Modulated Directional Coupler
An integrated directional coupler. The applied field Ea alters the
refractive indices of the two guides (A and B) and therefore changes
the strength of coupling
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the
publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or
likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.