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Research in Ecology Maya Damski Males Females 920 928 935 943 950 950 954 960 962 974 975 975 952 950 Mean: 840 850 932 960 960 965 972 980 980 985 995 1000 1000 1009 1010 1010 1010 1020 1025 1025 1028 1030 1038 1043 1054 1060 1160 Mean: 950 Median: 998 Median: 952 Mode: 950, 975 Average Length of Sharp-nose Sharks 1009 Mode: 1010 920 930 940 950 960 970 980 990 1000 Color Survived Hatchlings Blue 13 25 Yellow 25 25 Green 18 25 Red 3 25 Orange 4 25 Number of Sea Turtle Hatchlings in Group Site F 25 20 15 Survived Hatchlings 10 5 0 Blue Yellow Green Red Orange Color Red Orange Yellow Blue Green Purple Black White Clear Other Number 11 5 4 15 9 1 8 13 5 2 Percentage of Bottle Cap Colors Red 3% 7% 18% Orange 15% Yellow 7% 5% Blue Green 11% 21% 12% Purple Black White 1% Clear Other Bottle caps are not only the garbage that is washed up on beaches. Some examples include plastic bags and lumber. The litter affects animals, and sometimes kills them. Frequency Frequency Distribution of Sea Cigars 15 10 5 0 Size Class Size (in cm) "1-5" "6-10" "11-15" "16-20" "21-25" "26-30" # of Sea Cigars 0 3 4 12 5 1 Trial # Types of Coral Coral Planula Survival Probability Probability Water Temp. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Substrate Wave / Depth Action 3 3 6 6 4 5 4 1 3 1 6 3 5 5 1 6 1 4 5 6 1 2 1 5 6 3 1 2 5 3 3 2 5 6 5 6 Survived? Yes or No 4 Yes 3 No 1 No 6 Yes 3 No 4 No 6 No 3 No 3 No 3 No 6 No 6 No 3 No 2 No 4 Yes 3 No 1 No 4 No Variance is one of the two ways to describe how far away your data is from the mean. This formula is the way to calculate variance. = the sum 𝑋 = the mean of the data X = each data value n = the number of values Standard Deviation also shows how spread out the data are. Sample Distribution of Sea Cigar Lengths TDC of 25 Mangrove Seedlings Frequency 3 2.5 Frequency 2 1.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 1 Size 1 0.5 0 0 5 Length of Seedling (cm) 10 Frequency 6 0.3 8 0.8 10 1.5 12 2.2 14 2.5 16 2.2 18 1.5 20 0.8 22 0.3 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 Length (cm) Theoretical Distribution Curve (TDC) is an ideal picture of a distribution based upon random sampling. Control The t-test equation tests if there is a significant difference between the means of two independent samples. The t-test is calculated by the tstatistic. The formula for the t – statistic is on the bottom of this slide. Key X1=mean of the first group X2=mean of the second group n1=number of _ in the first group n2 =number of _ in the second group p Treatment 14 14 13 13 13 15 13 15 13 15 13 14 14 14 15 15 P= 0.000545057