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Rock Cycle Igneous Rocks • Igneous rocks are formed from the solidification of molten rock material. There are two basic types: •1) intrusive igneous rocks such as diorite, gabbro, granite and pegmatite that solidify below Earth's surface. •2) extrusive igneous rocks such as andesite, basalt, obsidian, pumice, rhyolite and scoria that solidify on or above Earth's surface. Igneous: Granite • It forms from the slow crystallization of magma below Earth’s surface. • Granite is composed mainly of quartz and feldspar with minor amounts of mica, amphiboles and other minerals. Igneous: Basalt • It most commonly forms as an extrusive rock, such as a lava flow, but can also form in small intrusive bodies, such as an igneous dike or a thin sill. • Basalt underlies more of Earth's surface than any other rock type. Most areas within Earth's ocean basins are underlain by basalt. Although basalt is much less common on continents, lava flows and flood basalts underlie several percent of Earth's land surface. Basalt is a very important rock. Igneous: Pumice and Obsidian Pumice forms during explosive volcanic eruptions. The pockets are from gas in the frothy lava. Obsidian is the volcanic glass formed from very quick cooling of lava. It cools so quickly that crystals cannot form. Sedimentary Rocks • Sedimentary rocks are formed by the accumulation of sediments. There are three basic types of sedimentary rocks: •1) clastic sedimentary rocks such as breccia, conglomerate, sandstone and shale, that are formed from mechanical weathering debris. •2) chemical sedimentary rocks such as rock salt and some limestones, that form when dissolved materials precipitate from solution. •3) organic sedimentary rocks such as coal and some limestones which form from the accumulation of plant or animal debris •A delta is a sediment deposit that forms when a stream enters a standing body of water. The water velocity of the stream suddenly decreases and the sediments being carried settle to the bottom. Deltas are where the largest volume of Earth's mud is deposited. The image above is a satellite view of the Mississippi delta, showing its distributary channels and interdistributary deposits. The bright blue water surrounding the delta is laden with sediment. Shale is formed from... •A) Clastic: mud •B) Organic Material •C) A chemical solution Shale oil and gas •Shale gas is natural gas that is found trapped within shale formations.[1] Shale gas has become an increasingly important source of natural gas in the United States since the start of this century, and interest has spread to potential gas shales in the rest of the world. •Fracking (Hydraulic fracturing) •Horizontal drilling (along with traditional vertical drilling) allows for the injection of highly pressurized fracking fluids into the shale area. This creates new channels within the rock from which natural gas is extracted at higher than traditional rates. The drilling well is cased with cement to ensure groundwater protection, and the shale is hydraulically fractured with water and other fracking fluids. Sandstone is formed from •A) Clastic: sand •B) Organic Material •C) A chemical solution Coal is formed by •A) Clastic: sand •B) Organic Material •C) A chemical solution Iron Ore is formed by • A) Clastic: sand • B) Organic Material • C) A chemical solution Limestone is formed by • A) Clastic: sand • B) Organic Material • C) A chemical solution Other types of limestone • • 1) Stalactites, stalagmites and other cave formations are formed by evaporation of the water and leave behind calcium carbonate. 2) Chalk is formed from the calcium carbonate remains of tiny marine organisms Metamorphic Rock • Metamorphic rocks have been modified by heat, pressure and chemical process usually while buried deep below Earth's surface. Exposure to these extreme conditions has altered the mineralogy, texture and chemical composition of the rocks. • • There are two basic types of metamorphic rocks: 1) foliated metamorphic rocks such as gneiss, phyllite, schist and slate which have a layered or banded appearance that is produced by exposure to heat and directed pressure. 2) non-foliated metamorphic rocks such as marble and quartzite which do not have a layered or banded appearance. • Marble This non-foliated metamorphic rock comes from heat and pressure being added to: A) Shale B) Limestone C) Sandstone D) Granite Slate This foliated metamorphic rock comes from heat and pressure being added to: A) Shale B) Limestone C) Sandstone D) Granite Quarzite This non-foliated metamorphic rock comes from heat and pressure being added to: A) Shale B) Limestone C) Sandstone D) Granite Gneiss This foliated metamorphic rock comes from heat and pressure being added to: A) Shale B) Limestone C) Sandstone D) Granite Q: What rock are you most likely to find fossils in? • • • • • • • • • Could a fossil be found in igneous rock? What is igneous rock formed from? What would happen if an animal was buried by lava? Could a fossil be found in metamorphic rock? How does metamorphic rock form? What would happen if an animal was in a rock that became metamorphic? Could a fossil be found in sedimentary rock? How does sedimentary rock form? What would happen if an animal was in a rock that became sedimentary? Interesting rock cycle places • Arches National Park, Utah