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It is also called as karst landforms or karst topography.
Karst topography is found where limestone or dolomite rocks are
found in larger area with numerous joints and rocks.
limestone and dolomites are not affected by physical weathering but
they are very weak before chemical weathering. Water mixed with
carbon dioxide erode them easily by the process of solution and
carbonation.
Lappies: They are needle shaped ridges which are found in numbers in the
karst topography area. Walking in these areas become extremely difficult.
Sinkhole: It is funnel shaped opening which looks more or less circular on the
ground.
Swallow Hole: When sinkholes are further enlarged by solution process, it is
called as swallow holes. Water goes underground through a swallow hole in the
limestone area.
Dolines: Further enlargement of swallow holes due to collapsing its roof forms
dolines. Larger forms of dolines are called as ‘Uvalas’.
Caves: Long and wide gap are called caves. They are formed when limestone
dissolves into the water. A cave having opening at both the ends are called as
tunnel.
Stalactities: They are found in the cave. They hang from the ceiling and
develop downwards. They are cone shaped structure formed due to
evaporation of dripping water.
Stalagmites: It is formed by the deposition of materials by the dripping water
on the floor of a cave. They are also smooth with conical shape which
developed toward the roof of the cave.
Cave Pillar: When stalactite and stalagmite join together, they look like a pillar
in the cave called cave pillar.