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2 COASTAL MANAGEMENT Unfortunately, the sea defences stop the erosion, but this allows mass movement time to takeover. Rainwater seeps into the porous TILL and causes ROTATIONAL SLUMPING. Humans are affected by the retreat of the cliff (loss of land, housing, etc.) They erect sea defences which stop the erosion (groynes, revetments, gabion cages and anti-tank blocks. Holderness Coast A(i) Lulworth Cove is a circular shaped hollow in the coast. It is steeper towards the back and the gradient drops off towards sea level. It is made of 3 types of rock: limestone at the front, followed by sand and clay then chalk. The mouth of the cove is 50m wide and the maximum width of the cove is 350m. (3) A (ii) This stretch of coastline is a concordant coastline – where the rocks are lying parallel to the sea. The limestone is eventually eroded and breached and the sea attacks the weaker sands and clays until it hits the resistant layer of chalk at the back of the cove. (3) b) HOLDERNESS COAST Physical environment – the coasts here are made of weak rocks – called boulder clay which have been carried by the icesheets at the end of the last glacial period (= Devensian 10,000 yrs ago). The cliffs around Mappleton have been affected – eg Mr Cross and Sue Earle’s farm, Easington Gas Terminal in danger of falling into the sea. Human Environment – Groynes have been added to Mappleton which have prevented LSD from taking sediment further down the coastline. This has meant that the coast has been built up at one point but attacked at other places. Dairies have been affected and gas terminals as well as people’s property. (7) c) For: •It protects the coastline and preserves peoples: property (Mr Cross), businesses (Sue Earle) , industry (gas terminal) •Groyne encourage a beach to grow which can help tourism and bring money to the area Against: •Looks very ugly •Very expensive to build •No guarantee it will last forever •Some people suffer if groynes are built and sediment is trapped – eg Mr Cross (who was cross!) (6) d) SPIT = eg Spurn Head – is a hooked shaped landform which typically runs along a coastline with a hooked shaped end often where a river estuary meets the coast. It is formed by the process of Longshore Drift bringing material along the coastline in a zig-zag fashion. A saltmarsh often forms behind the spit as the sediment can build up here in shallower waters. (6)