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Course Overview EdSc 121- Fundamentals of Geology (3 hours lecture/week) Structure, origin, geologic processes and materials of the earth, classification of minerals, rocks, importance, utilization and conservation of mineral resources, and effects of explorations of earth resources Jun Karren V. Caparoso Department of Science and Mathematics Education College of Education MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology What is Matter? (review) Matter – the substance of which any physical object is composed States of Matter: • Solid • Liquid • Gas Examples: Controlling factors: • Temperature • Pressure Gold Mercury Oxygen solid liquid gas The stuff that makes up all matter The make-up of solid matter on Earth: Atoms Elements Compounds Minerals Rocks (smallest) Elements: – fundamental building blocks – smallest matter that can’t be broken down (largest) Periodic Table of Elements The stuff that makes up all matter The make-up of solid matter on Earth: Atoms Elements Compounds Minerals Rocks (smallest) (largest) Atoms: – the stuff that builds elements – the smallest particle that uniquely defines an element Atomic Structure Particles that make up an atom: – Protons: positive (+) charge – Neutrons: no charge – Electrons: negative (-) charge Protons + neutrons define the nucleus of an atom. Layers of electrons that orbit around the nucleus are called orbitals or energy-level shells. Atomic Structure Atomic Structure Atoms of the same element: • have the same number of protons (i.e., same atomic number) • can have different numbers of neutrons (referred to as isotopes) • can have different numbers of electrons Ion – an atom that has gained or lost an electron Atomic Structure Sodium atom loses an electron Chlorine atom gains an electron (becomes positively charged) (becomes negatively charged) Atomic Structure Types of IONS: • CATIONS – a loss of electrons, resulting in a positive (+) charge • ANIONS – a gain of electrons, resulting in a negative (-) charge Examples: Na+ (cation) – Cl (anion) NaCl (table salt) chemical compound Atomic Structure • Definition: – A chemical compound consists of elements that combine in a specific ratio. Examples: NaCl H2O • The smallest quantity of a compound is called a molecule. • Molecules are held together by chemical bonding. Bonding – chemical matrimony • Chemical bonding: – formation of a compound by combining two or more elements – manner in which electrons are distributed among atoms • In bonded atoms, electrons may be lost, gained, or shared. • 4 types of bonding: ionic covalent metallic van der Waals Bonding – chemical matrimony • Ionic bonding: – electrons are transferred between atoms forming attracting ions (e.g., NaCl) Na+ Cl– Bonding – chemical matrimony • Ionic bonding: – orderly arrangement of oppositely charged ions – bonds are moderately strong (salt dissolves in water) Bonding – chemical matrimony • Covalent bonding: – electrons are shared between atoms Chlorine gas molecule, Cl2 – generally strong bonds (e.g., diamond, pure C) Bonding – chemical matrimony • Metallic bonding: – electrons drift around from atom to atom (e.g., copper, gold, silver) – good conductors of electrical current – generally weaker, less common than other bonds Gold, Au Bonding – chemical matrimony • Van der Waals bonding: – sheets of covalently bonded atoms held together by weak electrostatic forces – very weak bonds examples: graphite, mica The stuff that makes up all matter The make-up of solid matter on Earth: Atoms Elements Compounds Minerals Rocks (smallest) (largest) Minerals: the building blocks of rocks Definition of a Mineral: naturally occurring inorganic solid characteristic crystalline structure definite chemical composition Definition of a Rock: • A solid aggregate (mixture) of minerals Rock: A solid aggregate (mixture) of minerals Mineral characteristics • Definition of a Mineral: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. naturally occurring inorganic solid characteristic crystalline structure definite chemical composition steel no, #1 plastic no, #1 sugar table salt no, #1,2 YES! basalt no, #5 obsidian no, #4 mica YES! gold YES! mercury ice no, #3 YES! paper chalk no, #1,2 no, #2 coal no, #2 coral no, #2 Mineral characteristics • Naturally formed – No substance created artificially is a mineral. examples: plastic, steel, sugar, paper • Inorganic – Anything formed by a living organism and containing organic materials is not a mineral. examples: wood, plants, shells, coal • Solid – Liquids and gases are not minerals. examples: water, petroleum, lava, oxygen Mineral characteristics • Characteristic crystalline structure – must have an ordered arrangement of atoms – displays repetitive geometric patterns in 3-D glass not a mineral (no internal crystalline structure) • Definite chemical composition – must have consistent chemical formula examples: gold (Au), quartz (SiO2), orthoclase (KAlSi3O8) basalt (like many other rocks) contains variable ratios of different minerals; thus, has no consistent formula How many minerals are there? Nearly 4,000 types of minerals – Only ~30 occur commonly – Why not more? • Some combinations are chemically impossible • Relative abundances of elements don’t allow more Element abundances in the crust All others: 1.5%