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Transcript 
GLOBAL
WARMING
CE/AE/EnSci 524B
QUANTIFYING GLOBAL
CLIMATE CHANGE
Are humans the culprit?
?
=
Temperatures over the last 1000 years
Temperature change in North America
Water precipitation in North America
Heat balance factors in the atmosphere
Source: National Resources Defense Council
The Greenhouse Effect
Heat balance over Earth
Blackbody radiation
Both the Sun and Earth emit radiation as a function of temperature, according
to the Stefan-Boltzmann Law (derived from Planck’s Law): E = σAT4
The electromagnetic spectrum
Progressively more heat is released at higher temperatures
and wavelengths become shorter with higher temperatures
Maximum intensity at a temperature
Earth and solar radiation
Calculate the power emitted by Earth and peak wavelength for Sun and Earth
Solar Spectrum
The real solar spectrum
Screening by the atmosphere
Vibration energy imparted to CO2
molecules – released as infrared
http://www.ucar.edu/learn/images/carbon.gif
Global trends in major greenhouse gases
The most important greenhouse gas - water
Climate change impacts
SOURCES OF GREENHOUSE GASES
Sources of greenhouse gases
Methane Quantities Released by Different Sources in Tg
Source
Category
1990
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Landfills
172.2
147.4
138.5
134.0
130.7
126.2
126.8
131.2
Natural Gas
Systems
128.3
133.6
131.8
127.4
132.1
131.8
130.6
125.9
Enteric
Fermentation
117.9
118.3
116.7
116.8
115.6
114.5
114.6
115.0
Coal Mining
81.9
62.6
62.8
58.9
56.2
55.6
52.4
53.8
Manure
Management
31.2
36.4
38.8
38.8
38.1
38.9
39.3
39.1
Wastewater
Treatment
24.8
31.7
32.6
33.6
34.3
34.7
35.8
36.8
Petroleum
Systems
20.0
18.8
18.5
17.8
17.6
17.4
17.1
17.1
Rice
Cultivation
7.1
7.5
7.9
8.3
7.5
7.6
6.8
6.9
Stationary
Sources
7.8
7.4
6.9
7.1
7.3
6.7
6.4
6.7
Abandoned
Coal Mines
6.1
8.1
7.2
7.3
7.7
6.9
6.4
6.4
Mobile
Sources
4.8
4.0
3.9
3.6
3.4
3.1
2.9
2.7
Petrochemica
l Production
1.2
1.6
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.4
1.5
1.5
Iron and
Steel
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.0
Agricultural
Residue
Burning
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.8
605.3
579.5
569.3
557.3
554.2
546.7
542.3
544.9
Total for
U.S.
Anthropogenic Methane Sources
Anthropogenic Methane Sources
Greenhouse
Gas Emissions
By Gas (1997)
US Greenhouse Gas Emissions /capita & /$ GDP
Sources of Gas (1997)
US ENERGY
CONSUMPTION
BY ENERGY
SOURCE
US ENERGY CONSUMPTION (Quadrillion BTU)
CO2 EMISSIONS From FOSSIL FUEL COMBUSTION
END USE SECTOR EMISSIONS OF CO2 FROM FOSSIL FUEL
SOURCES OF CH4
(farts and belches)
SOURCES OF N2O
SOURCES OF HFCs, PCFs and SF6
Quiz
• http://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming
.nsf/content/impacts.html
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