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Regional Climate Projections Primary Source: IPCC WG-I Chapter 11 - Regional Climate Projections (Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) Regional Climate Change (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 11) Continental Temperature Projections B1 - A1B - A2 ranges at 2100 (Based on models’ ensemble averages) Observed: Black Decadal temperature anomalies 20C Simulated: Red envelope Baseline: 1901-1950 21C Simulated: Orange envelope Scenario: A1B (Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) Regional Climate Change (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 11) Temperature Scaling: A2 vs. A1B (2080-2099 minus 1980-1999; annual, ensemble average) Global Average Ratio = 1.17: 1 (Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) Regional Climate Change (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 11) Temperature Scaling: B1 vs. A1B (2080-2099 minus 1980-1999; annual, ensemble average) Global Average Ratio = 0.69: 1 (Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) Regional Climate Change (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 11) Africa: Temperature changes Observed: Black 20C Sim: Red 21C Sim: Orange Anomalies from 1901-1950 ave. (Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) Regional Climate Change (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 11) Africa: Geographic Changes 2080-2099 Minus 1980-1999 (A1B) +10 -1 +50% -50% 21 # models with > 0 0 (Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) Regional Climate Change (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 11) Africa: Water Balance Changes 2080-2099 Minus 1980-1999 (Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) # models with > 0 Regional Climate Change (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 11) Africa: Precipitation via Statistical Downscaling 2070-2099 Range: [-80,+80] mm/month 2080-2099 (Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) Regional Climate Change (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 11) Europe: Temperature changes Observed: Black 20C Sim: Red 21C Sim: Orange Anomalies from 1901-1950 ave. (Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) Regional Climate Change (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 11) Europe: Geographic Changes 2080-2099 Minus 1980-1999 (A1B) +10 -1 +50% -50% 21 # models with > 0 (Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) 0 Regional Climate Change (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 11) Europe: Water Balance Changes 2080-2099 Minus 1980-1999 (Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) # models with > 0 Regional Climate Change (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 11) Recall Regional Climate Models (RCMs) ~ 0.5˚ (lat) x ~ 0.5˚ (lon) (Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) History (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 1) Europe: RCM Changes, 2 GCMs 2080-2099 minus 1980-1999, A2 Scenario (Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) Regional Climate Change (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 11) PRUDENCE 1. address and reduce [resolution] deficiencies in projections; 2. quantify confidence and uncertainties in predictions of future climate and its impacts 3. interpret results in relation to European policies for adapting to or mitigating climate change (Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) Regional Climate Change (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 11) Uncertainties in Regional Climate Change Projections: The PRUDENCE Strategy Impacts Assessment RCMs GCMs Scenarios A2 B2 HADAM3H ECHAM5 ARPEGE FVGCM Hadley Rossby DMI UCM ETH ICTP MPI GKSS Storm Surge Agriculture Hydrology Ecosystems Health Water Res. Tourism Droughts Floods (F. Giorgi, 2008) Regional Daily Precipitation Changes Ratio Wet-day frequency (2071-2100) : (1961-1990) Mean (average) Intensity 90th Percentile A2 Scenario (Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) Regional Climate Change (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 11) Asia: Temperature Changes Observed: Black Anomalies from 20C Sim: Red 1901-1950 ave. 21C Sim: Orange (Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) Regional Climate Change (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 11) Asia: Geographic Changes 2080-2099 Minus 1980-1999 (A1B) +10 -1 +50% -50% 21 # models with > 0 (Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) 0 Regional Climate Change (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 11) Asia: Water Balance Changes 2080-2099 Minus 1980-1999 (Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) # models with > 0 Regional Climate Change (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 11) Change: Summer Rainy Season Ending Date Unit: Pentad (5 days) “+” = later 15 GCMs, weighted by model skill % models with > 0 (Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) Regional Climate Change (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 11) North America: Temperature Changes Observed: Black Anomalies from 20C Sim: Red 1901-1950 ave. 21C Sim: Orange (Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) Regional Climate Change (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 11) North America: Geographic Changes 2080-2099 Minus 1980-1999 (A1B) +10 -1 +50% -50% 21 # models with > 0 0 (Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) Regional Climate Change (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 11) North America: Water Balance Changes +10 -1 +50% -50% 21 2080-2099 Minus 1980-1999 # models with > 0 0 (Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) Regional Climate Change (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 11) Changes in March Snow Depth Canadian GCM Canadian RCM Increase 2041-2070 Minus 1961-1990 (A2 Scenario) (Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) Regional Climate Change (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 11) South America: Temperature Changes Observed: Black 20C Sim: Red 21C Sim: Orange Anomalies from 1901-1950 ave. (Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) Regional Climate Change (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 11) South America: Geographic Changes 2080-2099 Minus 1980-1999 (A1B) +10 -1 +50% -50% 21 # models with > 0 0 (Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) Regional Climate Change (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 11) South America: Water Balance Changes +10 -1 +50% -50% 21 2080-2099 Minus 1980-1999 # models with > 0 0 (Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) Regional Climate Change (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 11) Australia: Temperature Changes Observed: Black 20C Sim: Red 21C Sim: Orange Anomalies from 1901-1950 ave. (Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) Regional Climate Change (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 11) Australia: Geographic Changes 2080-2099 Minus 1980-1999 (A1B) +10 -1 +50% -50% 21 # models with > 0 0 (Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) Regional Climate Change (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 11) Australia: Water Balance Changes +10 -1 +50% -50% 21 2080-2099 Minus 1980-1999 # models with > 0 0 (Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) Regional Climate Change (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 11) Polar Regions: Temperature Changes Observed: Black 20C Sim: Red 21C Sim: Orange Anomalies from 1901-1950 ave. (Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) Regional Climate Change (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 11) GCM Range (Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) 25% - 75% Annual Cycle of Arctic Area Temperature Change Sea Ice Regional Climate Change (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 11) Arctic T 2080-2099 Minus 1980-1999 (A1B) Temperature decrease in 3 of 21 GCMs (Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) Regional Climate Change (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 11) P vs. T - North of 60˚N 2080-2099 minus 1980-1999 (A1B) (Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) Regional Climate Change (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 11) Antarctic T & P 2080-2099 Minus 1980-1999 (A1B) (Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) Regional Climate Change (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 11) Oceanic Temperature Projections (Small Islands) Observed: Black Decadal temperature anomalies 20C Simulated: Red envelope Baseline: 1901-1950 21C Simulated: Orange envelope Scenario: A1B (Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) Regional Climate Change (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 11) Caribbean: Precipitation Changes 2080-2099 Minus 1980-1999 (A1B) (Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) Regional Climate Change (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 11) Indian Ocean: Precipitation Changes 2080-2099 Minus 1980-1999 (A1B) (Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) Regional Climate Change (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 11) Pacific: Precipitation Changes 2080-2099 Minus 1980-1999 (A1B) (Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) Regional Climate Change (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 11) Summary (Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) Regional Climate Change (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 11) Regional Climate Projections END (Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) Regional Climate Change (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 11)