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Chapter 3 frontispiece.
The Blue Planet
E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The
Science of Global Warming and Our
Energy Future, Columbia University
Press. Source: NASA
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Figure 3.1. The water molecule
E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global
Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press.
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Figure 3.2. The composition of seawater
E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global
Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press.
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Figure 3.3. The average annual salinity of ocean surface water, 2005
E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming
and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: NOAA
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Figure 3.4. Vertical profiles of
density, temperature, and
salinity through the upper
several hundred meters of the
ocean
E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global
Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press.
Source: Denman and Miyake, 1973
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Figure 3.5. A conductivity,
temperature, and depth
measurement device
E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of
Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia
University Press. Photograph by E.A. Mathez
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Figure 3.6. The global ocean surface currents
E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our
Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: Hartmann, 1994
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Figure 3.7. False-color satellite image of the Gulf Stream
along the eastern United States and its eddies
E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future,
Columbia University Press. Source: MODIS Atmosphere Team, University of Wisconsin
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Figure 3.8. The global ocean conveyor system
E.A. Mathez, 2009, Clmate Change: The Science of Global Warming and
Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: IPCC, 2001
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Table 3.1. The water balance of the continents and oceans
Region
Evapotranspiration
Precipitation
Runoff
(in millimeters/year)
Europe/Asia
795
1353
558
Africa
582
696
114
North America
403
645
242
South America
946
1,564
618
All land
480
746
266
Atlantic Ocean
1,133
761
–372
Indian Ocean
1,294
1,043
–251
Pacific Ocean
1,202
1,292
90
All oceans
1,176
1,066
–110
E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and
Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: Hartmann, 1994
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Figure 3.9. The correlation between annual maize yield and seasurface temperature in the eastern equatorial Pacific
E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and
Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: Cane et al., 1994
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(a)
(b)
Figure 3.10. Shifts in sea-surface temperatures, winds, and
positions of the jet streams in (a) normal and (b) El Niño years
E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our
Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: Krishna Ramanujan, NASA
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Figure 3.11. Convective atmospheric circulation along the equator,
also known as Walker circulation
E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and
Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: Webster, 1983
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Figure 3.12. The
Southern Oscillation
Index and
corresponding
variations in eastern
equatorial seasurface temperature
E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our
Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: McPhaden et al., 2006