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Introduction to the EU Gary Marks Five Perspectives on the EU 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Peace Democracy Protest Efficiency Survival PERSPECTIVE ONE Peace World War I: 20 million dead World War II: 70 million dead What to do about nationalism: the most deadly force in human history A “United States of Europe” . . .What is this sovereign remedy? It is to recreate the European Family or as much of it as we can and provide it with a structure under which it can dwell in peace, in safety and freedom. We must build a kind of United States of Europe. Therefore I say to you: “Let Europe Arise!” Zurich, 19 Sept 1946 How can war be averted? “ . . . only one solution: we must bind ourselves inextricably to Germany. . .” Jean Monnet The Schuman Declaration Europe will not be made all at once, or according to a single plan. It will be built through concrete achievements . . . The French government proposes that Franco-German production of coal and steel as a whole be placed under a common High Authority. . .as a first step in the federation of Europe. Any war between France and Germany becomes not merely unthinkable, but materially impossible. …. Robert Schuman, 9 May 1950 Robert Schuman JJean Monnet Three Landmarks The European Coal and Steel Community (1951): Succeeded! European Defence Community (1954): Failed! The European Economic Community (1957): Succeeded! PERSPECTIVE TWO Democracy It’s no secret We actually know how to consolidate democracy Copenhagen criteria “Membership requires that the candidate country has achieved stability of institutions guaranteeing . . .” 1) the rule of law, human rights and respect for, and protection of minorities 2) democracy 3) the existence of a functioning market economy PERSPECTIVE THREE Protest no! No! NO! Elites and public on Europe Sources: a) elites, Intune (Fall 2007) b) public opinion: Eurobarometer 68 (Fall 2007) REFERENDA ON EUROPE 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 EU Referenda "NO" votes 1971- 1981- 1991- 200180 90 00 07 IDENTITY 50 40 national only 30 national, european european, national european only 20 10 0 Public Opinion Source: Commission (2002 survey), Public Opinion (Eurobarometer 2001) Criticism on the radical right http://europa.sp.nl/ campagne2004/waakhond.shtml Criticism on the radical left First anti-EU protests in Bulgaria (January 2007) Issue: sales tax on home-made liquor Graffiti: We don’t want Europe We don’t want money We want the liquor at the old prices. 1=exclusive national identity 2= mix of national and european identity Eurobarometer 1992-1998 PERSPECTIVE FOUR Efficiency n“Multilevel governance must be a priority.” José Manuel Barroso, President of the European Commission, 2009. “Develop as quickly as possible practical measures . . . with a view to strengthening multilevel governance.” October 2008 resolution of the European Parliament Principles of Multilevel Government Centralize where necessary a) encompass relevant externalities b) exploit economies of scale Decentralize where possible a) responsive government b) preferences vary Match the scale of government to the scale of problem: Local: garbage pickup Regional: urban sprawl National: land usage; transport network Continental: Rhine pollution Global: climate change 1950: sovereign national states National legal systems, armies, taxation, parliaments, welfare health, education Inside countries: legitimate authority, the rule of law, democracy, liberty, equality Outside countries: no legitimate authority, no effective legal or normative order, anarchy, power politics, war Regionalization in Europe BRITAIN Scottish, Welsh parliaments, 1997 FRANCE Elected regional governments,1982 Federal constitution, 1949 GERMANY ITALY Elected regional governments, 1976. Strengthened, 1996. SPAIN Autonomous regions, 1978. Strengthened, 1993; 1998. PERSPECTIVE FIVE SURVIVAL Why the EU is the world’s most important experiment A growing number of public bads are transnational TRANSPORT ANDand COMMUNICATIONS Falling FALLING costCOST of OF transport communications 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1920 1930 1940 Ocean freight 1950 1969 Air Transatlantic phone 1970 Satellite 1980 1990 • • • • • • climate change nuclear proliferation financial regulation failing states biodiversity loss ocean exhaustion • deforestation • overfishing • nuclear waste disposal • epidemics • refugees Combatting these problems involves winners and losers national sovereignty is seriously suboptimal 3.9% 85.0% 6.6% 93.3% 11.1% the European Union is the world’s most important experiment in creating authoritative, general purpose, supranational government task specific general purpose